Deaf President Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Deaf President - Research Paper ExampleEdward Miner Gallaudet was the first individual to serve as the Universitys hot seat, and he served for 46 years. The second president was Dr. Percival Hall, a hearing man who served as a campus leader for 36 years. His successor, who command for 25 years, Dr. Leonard M. Elstad, was also a hearing man. Dr. Edward C. Merrill became the fourth hearing president of the university and served between 1969 and 1983 (Orlans, 1989, P.8, C. 2, L.6). It was during the election period for the fifth president that motions for a deaf(p) president began. However, that did not succeed because Dr. W. Lloyd Johns stood as the fifth president of the University. In 1983, Jerry Lee standardped in as the sixth president of Gallaudet University. In 1987, he decided to step down from his seat due to the rising rate of protests from students (Orlans, 1989, P.9, C.2, L.28). Immediately, the Board of Trustees established a committee and appointed a qualified person to assess the deaf and hearing aspirants who were vying for the presidential position. On February 28, 1988, the committee announced three presidential finalists Dr. Harvey Corson and Dr. I. King Jordan, who were both deaf. Finally, Dr. Elizabeth Zinser was the third finalist and was a hearing person (Orlans, 1989, P.11, C.3, L.18). On litigate 6, 1988, the Board declared Dr. Elisabeth Zinser as the eighth president of Gallaudet University. That date marked the beginning of a weeklong protest from the stakeholders at Gallaudet University (Orlans, 1989, P.9, C.2, L.28).

Week 7 essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Week 7 essays - Essay ExampleIt must be emphasized that their differences had chief(prenominal) ideological basis.Americans of the Revolutionary and the constitutional period wrestled with aquestion does every increase in the powers of the government entails a loss of liberty for the governed? Thomas Jefferson believed that it did. His rival horse parsley Hamilton believed it did not. 1It was due to this opposing approach towards democracy that something that the founding fathers had missed or rather disregarded at the Convention of 1787 was thrust to the forefront. It was this rivalry of differing policy-making ideals that lead to the formation of the two party system in the United States.that such an arrangement had its pit falls, and keeping these inherent dangers and Thomas Jefferson with a outcome of like-minded politicians, like James Madison, who likewise were fed up with the conservative Hamiltonian stance in United States politics, in the year 1794 formed the Democratic republican party (which is the precursor of the present Democratic Party and was formally named so under Andrew Jackson in 1826).The ideological difference between the two parties stemmed from the character of Alexander Hamilton who was a through and through Conservative Right-Wing politician. In lay man terms he stood for status quo, which by indication meant among many other things the continuation of slavery.Thomas Jefferson on the other hand was a Liberal Left-Wing politician. Jefferson believed in the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity, and these ideas were instrumental in the cut Revolution of 1789.It would not be wrong to say that Hamilton was a reactionary while Jefferson a progressive politician. This rift between the two political ideologies was the main cause behind the famous 12th Amendment which was passed in the year 1804 and laid down the foundations of the multi-party system in the United States. Further, Thomas Jeffersons

The Watergate Affair Essay Example for Free

The Watergate Affair EssayThe Watergate Affair was perhaps one of the greatest political scandals to have affected the Ameican presidency. Its significance was this scandal involved officials leading up to the highest levels of the government which ultimately led to the tweed House which was during the incumbency of President Richard Nixon. The immediate cause of this scandal began when several men were arrested for burglarizing the headquarters of the Democratic company at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, DC hence the name of the scandal. These men were caught rummaging filing cabinets for vital documents and electronic wiretapping devices were also found in their persons apparently, they were planinng to bug the office and electronically eavesdrop on any conversation taking place there. The underlying cause behind this operations was the Nixon Administration was concerned on how confidential government reports were being obtained by the Democrats which served as political a mmunition against Nixons reelection bid.It was later revealed that the men involved were aides of the Presidents re-election team though initially, President Nixon denied any involvement and ulterior news reports revealed that a massive cover-up was being driveed as an attempt to cover up any involvement by the President. Subsequent investigations by the media revealed that the White House has formed a secret unit called Plumbers for the purpose of spying reporters and government officials who may have been leaking information to the former (Szulc, 1972, p. E2 Rugaber, 1972, p. 220).The media had been faithfully following the events related to what became known as the Watergate Scandal which had by far, overshadowed the achievements of Nixon during his presidency and hounded him all throughout. These revelations of covert government operations within the United States prompted the Senate to form a committee on the campaign activities of the President on February of 1973. Throughou t the year, more revelations came out as the pressure on those responsible was intensifying ranging from being sworn to silence and destroying testify of involvement by the White House.This then prompted the Senate to subpoena Nixon who had repeatedly refused to appear and even release the tapes when demanded, further heightening the suspicion of a cover-up as it was revealed when these tapes had been edited by the time it was released to them (Apple, 1974, pp. 57-58). The constant reporting of the media of what the Senate committee revealed had convinced the American public that Nixon should be impeached and (possibly) made to resign if found guilty (Kovach, 1974, p. 1). base on the initial investigations by the Senate and its appointed prosecutors, Nixon was charged by the Senate for obstruction of justice, abusing his power and showing contempt of Congress by refusing to appear in the hearings and these became understanding on serving an impeachment against him. Seeing that he had proverbially painted himself in a corner and by the 9th of August, 1974, Nixon went on national television to announce his surrender to spare himself the indignity of being served the impeachment following the availability of more evidence that would furher incriminate him.The Watergate Affair revealed how the government could abuse its power in conducting spying and even conduct political sabotage and it was unfortunate that in its desire to keep certain matters of the state a secret, its agents were caught and led to severe repercussions.ReferencesApple, R. W. (1974, January 5). Nixon Rejects Subpoenas from Senate Committee for 500 Tapes and Papers. New York Times. pp. 57-58. Rugaber, W. (1973, January 14). Mystery, Comedy, etc. Dirty Tricks. New York Times. p. 220. Szulc, T. (1972, June 25). From the Folks Who Brought You the Bay of Pigs. New York Times.

Visionary leadership Essay Example for Free

Visionary leadership EssayWhen discussing the values of Christian leadership, one discussion that we could non readily ignore is the book of Nehemiah. Many of the most popular Christian values could ready be entrap in this early book of the Old Testament, besides to be reiterated in various events all throughout the Bible. And since before we delve into the New Testament we shall be focusing on Old Testament teachings for they shall provide the background of many of the leadership styles that we would be encountering later on, perhaps it would be a good idea for our paper to first gear magnify this book in section as an example of leadership (Woolfe, 2000). The book of Nehemiah bluelights stackary leadership through prayer. The need to share a vision and to enable and empower others to become involved in making things happen, as well as the need to maintain leadership through periods of conflict and opposition. The book highlights the character Nehemiah, a cupbearer of th e Persian emperor. The cupbearer, in illustration one has no idea of the historical significance of much(prenominal) a position, is an important position of trust for a member of the Jewish minority in the Persian court.It is through his leadership that Nehemiah had enabled established credibility amongof the Jewish people through his example. During that time, it had already been more than a century past sinces the Persians had conquered Jerusalem in many of the Jews at that time had been in exile. Through Nehemiahs example, the Persian court had lived the importance of having Jews deter percent minority. However, perhaps the most noteworthy event in Nehemiahs career as a cupbearer of the Persian court was when he had shared his vision with the king of Persia.The result of sharing the vision mildly end in a nonviolent way had had a positive effect on the king of Persia, again exemplifying that the cupbearer that he had chosen have been supportive of his campaign and many of t he requests of Nehemiah had been granted by the king. When the vision was shared to other characters, the response had been different, and Nehemiah had facilitated a more assertive stand, still not one that is confrontational and could have created violent results.When Nehemiah arrives at Jerusalem, he creates a strategic analysis of the situation before sharing his vision with the Jews that had been left in Jerusalem. Of course, being one of the countrymen, the response was positive and in favor of him (Woolfe, 2000). Modern business leaders and managers need to understand that most of the concepts of leadership right away, including the model of the transformational leader, had first been rooted in the actions of this biblical character.Many leadership books in the present highlights the importance of transformational leadership, a method of leadership and guidance where leaders not only give commands to theirhis or her followers in order for them to follow and execute (Bass, 20 05). Rather, a transformational leader recognizes the fact that in order for followers to achieve their respectable potential and create the highest payoff levels for the company, that the vision of what the company should do it should ought to be shared.In fact, this could be easily recognized in many of the large corporations today where we find ceilings and walls written with their vision and mission statements, together with the values they recognize in the company (Thousand Oaks, 1993). Of course, we should also identify that not all companies follow much(prenominal) values orientation. Transformational leaders are rarely found today in large businesses because of their single-minded purpose of pro qualified. And in a world where in it is either you gain the maximum level of profit, or you perish, it would perhaps be safe for us to assume that transformational leaders are nearing extinction.However, this does not necessarily mean that we should unwrap looking for such lead ers and training such leaders. In fact, if we are indeed to do anything about it, we should focus our energies and goals in order to produce such leaders in the future. Again, if you are to use our FMCG Company as an example, transformational leadership may play an important role not only in the ceaseless profit maximization of such a company, but also in the values integration and achieving of the vision of the business venture.As we have earlier discussed, because of the quantities that is produced by such fast-moving companies, it is also guaranteed that the amount of labor and human capital involved in the production, distribution, and sales of the products would be extremely high. In modern management dynamics, we recognize the fact that as more and more people are employed into a business venture, organization, or company, the efficiency of leaders must also be proportional to the number of employees involved. Still another popular leadership method and leadership theory that we may be able to apply in this casing is the team leadership theory.It basically classifies leaders and heads as managers, holding their ability to manage specialized human resourcesin the highest regard. The team leadership model states that the most strong leaders of our time art does not necessarily with the highest level of skill nor specialized abilities. Instead, the team leadership model reiterates the need for leaders which could identify those members in society and organization which are valuable because of their specialized tasks, or any other advantage that they may pose.The job of the team leader is to organize and collate such members of society and group to formulate a team aimed at accomplishing a certain task. S Wing in the journals of team performance management stated the essential role of team leaders in order to bring out the best in human capital. He points out in his phrase that often people do not view themselves as capable unless others in a higher posi tion than them point out their capabilities.Also, his article points out the importance of being able to collate people into a unified whole affair according to recent statistics that he had cited in the Journal, the output inner slopes rise exponentially and not just the sum of its parts. (Wing, 2005) Now that we had identified the virus leadership models, if it had not been obvious or ready to the endorser of this paper, we could claim that the model of visionary leadership that is offered by characters and stories in the Bibleare combinations of the two popular leadership models in management dynamics today.In fact, if we observe near the stories we have identified as well as the many other stories and parables that could be found within the text, elements of transformational leadership as well as the leadership could be found. So that we may avoid the pitfall of praising the Bible too much, let us point out that perhaps many of the stories found in the Bible are idealized vers ions of historical accounts.The fact remains, however, if we refers strictly and believe absolutely that counts within the Old Testament books, we discover that our leadership models fit perfectly into combination with the characters that have been highlighted. FMCG companies are usually small in scale with respect to higher-level management but large in numbers for employees (Newcomen Society, 1957). And because of that high average variable costs involved in continuing the operation of the company, it would not be able to afford more section managers and overseers.And logically, what we substitute for measuring rod is quality. In a company with only a handful of people in management positions, it would be perhaps essential for such companies in such leaders to be able to hire or trade existing managers towards a transformational leadership style. Like our example in the Bible were in information and the sharing of vision must be integrated into leaders, but overall effect of a t ransformational leader had been modern businesses would have the same effect as that of the story in the Bible.

American Prohibition Essay Example for Free

American banishment Essay Also known as the Volstead Act, named after Republican Senator Andrew J. Volstead, the National Prohibition Act was designed to improve the morality of the nation. However, prohibition, the Noble Experiment, fai guide miserably in this respect. Focus/Argument Prohibition in fact failed to bolster morals as hoped, but instead led to an augment in violent crime and caused morals to slip due to reactionary protest from the people. Paper should focus on the major cities of the twenties such(prenominal) as Chicago, sassy York, and St. Louis.Special attention should be focused on the mafia, gangland violence, and bootlegging, as well as the spread of speakeasies and the resulting Jazz culture (flappers, corruption, etc). debut The so-called Temperance movement, which in fact opposed temperate and responsible enjoyment of alcohol beverages, proposed that to defeat the disease of alcohol dependency among the few allegedly required abstinence from the many. 1 This was the rationale which enabled the 18th amendment to the U. S. Constitution to be passed.Also known as the Volstead Act, named after its author the Republican senator Andrew J. Volstead, the National Prohibition Act was designed to improve the morality of the nation. However, prohibition, the Noble Experiment, failed miserably in this respect. 2 In fact, it caused an increase in crime and gave impetus to violence on a scale not seen since the days of the old west. Morality excessively became increasingly lax as speakeasies, Jazz, sexual promiscuity, and flappers mushroomed across the nation, giving full marrow to the term, The Roaring Twenties. Coupled add-inh post-war prosperity with people having to a greater extent m unmatchedy and time off than ever before, they looked for things to spend their earnings on as well as for ways to blow off steam. 3 The rise of popular legend stemming from the Prohibition years in the form of movies, books, and people such as gangster Al Capone and Treasury agent Elliott Ness, have had a lasting impact on popular culture through modern times. The Prohibition decade was more than a prohibition on alcohol consumption it was a prohibition on morals which never has been repealed.American Prohibition Moral Decay and subversion in the Roaring Twenties The 1920s went by various monikers such as the Jazz Age and the Roaring Twenties. It was a time of prosperity for near Americans. Scientific and technological improvements increased industrial production. The automobile, electric appliances, chemical and construction industries expanded tremendously during the 1920s. People were generally able to afford luxuries. The 1920s was also an era of wild gaiety for part of the population. Novels of the period stressed the rebellion of the youth against the traditional values of their parents.These groups from the urban areas came to seem typical of the 1920s though actually many more people were leading conservative lives. Wo men had been given the right to vote in 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified. For the first time, women wore their dresses short and bobbed their tomentum many wore make-up and smoked cigarettes. They became regulars in the dance scenes in clubs and cabarets where jazz was played. They were called flappers. Some imitated the movie stars they saw in silent files like the exciting Gloria Swan word of honor and Norma Talmadge and swooned over Rudolf Valentino.Talking pictures were first introduced in 1927 featuring the Jazz Singer. Jazz music was played everywhere and was most popular in the urban area of New York as it seemed to embody the vitality of the city. Speakeasies sprouted everywhere. Its name bespoke secrecy as these private clubs admonish its customers to speak easy or softly or the police might herar. Charles A. Lindbergh was a completely different type of national hero. In May 27, this young man from the Midwest became the first person to zap alone, nonstop, across the Atlantic Ocean. 4 Prohibition was partly responsible for the daring, reckless spirit of the twenties.An amendment to the Constitution was submitted to the states on December 18, 1917 and on January 29, 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment was declared ratified, to wit Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article, the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating strong drinks within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the linked States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. 5 On January 16, 1920, the National Prohibition Act or, otherwise known as the Volstead Act, went into effect.The conservatives had long been calling for temperance arguing that alcohol is the source of all ills. Science was used to give conclusion that alcohol was linked to vices, diseases, suicide and leads to primal death. The employers encouraged total abstinence so as t o minimize industrial accidents and at the same time increase productivity. The religious community associated alcohol with evil. The womens group proclaimed it detrimental to family relations. 6 With the entry of the United States in World War I, they quickly gained supporters due to the growing resentment against anything German which include beer.Moreover, patriotism called for self-sacrifice and anyone who did not remain sober and defend the country were met with hostility. During the war, the manufacture of beer and liquor had been prohibited to conserve grain and by July 1919, the sale of liquor had been stopped. With such public sentiment, the prohibitionists gained ground and the amendment was passed. 7 The day before the Volstead Act was to take effect, the Anti-Saloon League of New York made an optimistic prediction by stating that, Tonight, washstand Barleycorn makes his last will and testament. Now for an era of clean thinking and clean living 8 Instead, the opposite to ok place. Almost immediately, violations across the country were existence reported. Police were carrying out raids of establishments who persisted in cheating liquor. The police force was observed mostly in the Midwest where the dry movement had begun, but in the large east cities the laws were flagrantly broken. As well, there were not enough Federal and state agents to enforce prohibition. In fact, now that is was illegal, more people began to drink more than ever. such(prenominal) circumstances made Al Capone self-righteous enough to proclaim thatI make my money by supplying a public need. If I quit the law, my customers, who tote up hundreds of the best people in Chicago, are as guilty as I am. The only difference between us is that I sell and they buy. 9 Fortunes were made in bootlegging or the manufacture and sale of liquor illegally. Criminals organized mobs or syndicates to operate in certain areas. Al Capone was one of these of bosses. He held sway in Chicago and Cic ero, Illinois, with an estimated 750 paid gunmen. Crime became big business in other large cities, too. There were many kidnappings for ransom.Among them was Charles Lindberghs son who in 1932, was not only kidnapped but was also murdered. When prohibition ended in February 16, 1933 with the passing of the Twenty-first Amendment to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment, the mobs turned to protection rackets, time slot machines and other gambling and the distribution of narcotics. 10 To be fair, the prohibition did manifest benefits though only for a short period. This could probably be because liquor was hush relatively hard to find and when one did find it, the price of violation was high.This does not refer to the penalties to be imposed when caught but that the cost of liquor had do so prohibitive that the average American earner could not afford a glass of cocktail. The prohibition had no effect on the rich, however, as they move to drink well while the poor drank badly. This led t o further divisiveness as it was becoming classifies as a class legislation. 11 In 1920, the year the law came into effect, there was a significant drop in the arrests for drunkenness which was even lower than 1918 and 1919 when Americans were voluntary abstaining from liquor due to wartime restrictions and patriotism.By 1921, however, arrests for drunkenness had once again risen with no indications of declining. This data can be seen in a 1926 survey of 384 municipalities that was prepared by Stanley Shirk, the research director of The Moderation League, Inc. The results as it was presented to the Senate committee Hearing were as follows 12 Year Number of Arrests for Intoxication in 384 Communities Year Number of Arrests for Intoxication in 384 Communities 1914 523,049 1920 233,837 1915 528,347 1921 317,492 1916 557,634 1922 425,353 1917 542,039 1923 499,322 1918 423,048 1924 515,199 1919 309,760 1925 533,483The World League against Alcoholism likewise presented its own survey res ults in the same Senate Committee Hearing which compiled the records of 514 cities and towns. 13 Year Arrests for Drunkenness per 10,000 Population Year Arrests for Drunkenness per 10,000 Population 1914 169 1920 60 1915 clxv 1921 84 1916 176 1922 111 1917 169 1923 126 1918 124 1924 127 1919 97 These figures also showed an increase in arrests after 1920, the bone-dry year, but it was contended that this was more due to increased police activity. The anti-Alcoholism League, at that time, can hardly give a forecast that arrests will go down in 1925 and beyond.They pointed out that compared with the figures from 1914 to 1917 of the pre-prohibition years, recorded arrests after 1920 were still much lower. Regardless, whether we look at it from the modify or dry statistics, the data showed that the number of arrests for drunkenness was not receding. This gave evidence that for the primary objective of the National Prohibition Act was not met and could not be met. The numbers from 1918 to 1921 are also quite notable as it implied a change in the attitudes of the general population towards alcohol.By the time prohibition was stage in effect, the wartime fervor seems to have already waned, abstinence had overstayed its welcome, drinking was no longer met with social disapproval and people were clamoring for a drink even the law. Institutions and agencies were likewise fairly tolerant of transgressions of the law and would accept any loophole around it. In courtrooms of Wyoming and San Francisco, judges and jury gave much leeway to the defense to the point of allowing the evidence to be drunk which led to the technicality of lack of evidence against the bootlegger defendant and the cases were thrown out.Doctors could and did prescribe up to three pints of vitamin-enhanced whiskey which was in ossification with a Supreme Court ruling. Government beer was prescribed by the gallons for medicinal purposes. 14 As a result, it had soon become a law that secret code wan ted to obey thus making it harder to enforce. Thereupon, a general perception followed that crime was prevalent. Foremost among these are convictions for crime which did not used to be case-hardened as criminal before the passing of the Eighteenth Amendment.This perception of lawlessness was compounded by the sensational publicity given to prohibition violations which had become chance(a) news stories in the papers. In an age where cinema was most influential, many movies were produced that depicted a lot of drinking not by the villains but by the heroes and heroines. 15 Prominent people have likewise testified before the Senate to express their opinion against the Volstead Act and argue for revision. They aimed to prove that lawlessness had in fact increase since it was passed.One of these opponents of prohibition was Michigan politician Charles S. Wood who contended that the statistics for the arrests on drunkenness would actually have been much greater except that people were d oing their drinking inner homes and hotels rather than in saloons hence there is little chance for them to be caught drunk in the streets. 16 This can be corroborated by the increasing number of deaths recorded for cirrhosis of the liver. Alcoholic admissions in one New York hospital as recorded in the 1930s were over 1000 a year. Apparently, they became alcoholics during prohibition. 17

FORD MOTORS PHILOSOPHY vs TOYOTA MOTORS PHILOSOPHY

FORD MOTORS PHILOSOPHY vs TOYOTA MOTORS PHILOSOPHYIntroductionA manufacturing/ doing system consists of a conversion system, which trans conventions inputs into output. The federal agency conversion is d matchless depends upon the nature of product/service and the nature of demand for such product/service. Thus the types of production ar broadly classified into ii categories, the continuous and the intermittent. The first category is appropriate where turgid scale production is required and the second is suitable where demand is non-uniform and seasonal and the product is not standardized. crossroad labors, as it is poised for vision producing standardized automobiles, naturally embraced the continuous production system. This essay attempts to compare and contrast the production philosophies and systems adopted by traverse drives during mid-thirties and Toyota Motor Comp both during recent times.As Kanigal, Robert 1997 laid the basis for the concept of assembly line, Henry hybridisation, adopted the concept in1914 with due consideration to Adam Smiths philosophical system of division of labour. He over simplified the tasks which led to specialization and calling success (William A. Levinson, 2009). On the other hand, Toyota, which emerged as a different socio-industrial system, ironically had its root in Henry crossbreedings doctrine (James P.Womack, Daniel T.Jones, Daniel Roos, 2007)However, TMC digressed from the traditional Detroit philosophical system establish on the concept of lean manufacturing and thus carved a niche for itself and grew to such an fulfilment that the American automobile industry shook.Henry Fords ContributionEarlier, cars were a specialized luxury, available only to the elite. Fords mass production scheme made the automobile come-at-able for the greens man even, by virtue of Fords vision, a car for every man. This philosophy got extended to the whole range of consumer products and services which came into the reach of every common man.Henry Fords team nurtured innovation in all the 4 Ps (Product, Process, Position and Paradigm) to happen concurrently. The T-Model, which Ford and his team evolved formed the basis for emergence of an alone completely new realm of thinking as regards manufacturing, which resulted in elimination of need for skilled labour (Joe Tidd, John Bessant, 2009). Though the basic elements existed earlier, Fords success jell in synthesizing them into a new form. The philosophy encompassed not only assembly operations, but supply concatenation and logistical aspects also.Features of Ford System of ManufacturingStandardization of products, components, equipment, service, tasks and tasks of enclose. m and work study, to identify the optimum conditions for carrying out a particular operation and job analysis, to break up the task into small, highly controllable and reproducible steps. peculiarity of functions and tasks within all areas of operation .there was considerable na rrowing and re-utilization of individual tasks and an extension of division of labor.Uniform output rates and systematization of the entire manufacturing process.Payments and incentive schemes based on results.Elimination of thespian discretion and passing of control to specialists.Concentration of control of work into the hands of management within a bureaucratic power structure with extensive reliance on rules and procedures.The Toyota production philosophyThe system of production which, though had its roots in that of Ford Motors, has evolved as a distinctive one with unique features such as lean manufacturing, is known as Toyota Production System TPS. Sakichi Toyoda, his son, Kiichiro Toyoda and Taiichi are the compriseers of Toyota Motors. The founders and the engineer, Taiichi Ohno are the ones who appreciated and embraced the concept of Lean Manufacturing, founded on the cowcatcher concept, being, JIT production (Sorensen, 1956).The founders of Toyota based heavily on the work of Edward Deming and the literature written by Henry Ford. Lean manufacturing (Simon, 1996) concept was even seen during the times of Benjamin Franklin.The business success and opulence of Detroit drove the Toyota team to be inquisitive about witnessing the assembly line and mass production. When the Toyotan delegation visited the US, they were not impressed. The Toyotan philosophy (Shigeo, 1996) aims at rationalizing the formula of the manufacturing process and so it envisages elimination of three elements, being overburden muri, inconsistency mura and waste muda. This entails that the process is flexible enough to be free from stress as it is supposed to generate waste. The Toyota system identified seven types of wastes, popularly called the Seven Wastes. They are over-production, motion (of operator or machine), waiting (of operator or machine), conveyance, treat itself, inventory (raw material), and correction ( remold and scrap)Of the three lapses, i.e. overburden, incon sistency and waste, the latter, muda, seems to dominate the thinking of man as they see the fruitful effects of TPS.Origin of the concept of TPSIt is known that Toyota Motor Company has got its inspiration not from the Detroit Philosophy, but rather from their observations made on their visit to the US in 1950s. The Toyota delegation first visited the automotive plants of Ford Motor Company located in Michigan. But they convicted that many methods adopted by the industry leaders were not satisfactory or effective. Some of the lapses they identified werelarge amounts of inventory on site,the way the work was performed in various departments uneven pattern, i.e., with intervention of waiting between one operation and another operation resulting in islands of idleness,re-work in huge quantities at the end of the process.Later, the Toyotan delegation visited Piggly-Wiggly, the supermarket and observed how inventory management was carried out. The supermarket maintained scanty amounts o f stock sufficient to cater to the customers and its employees for a footling duration, stocks were reordered and instantly replenished. This indicated an important dimension, i.e., eliminating the need to maintain huge stocks and it was all done just-in-time. Taking cue from this philosophy, many US businesses made a direct coming on high inventory levels but ended in fiasco. This was because the American businesses did not understand the underlying issues. A principle of maintaining low levels of inventory also implies that proper alignment should be made with the vendors such that they were in a position to supply materials and components just-in-time. A complete delineation with the entire supply chain is necessary. This important aspect was ignored by the American automobile industry. It cannot be accomplishd overnight. Toyotans admitted that it took 20 years for them to implement JIT programme.Tenets of Toyotan PhilosophyCONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENTChallenge represent without ch allenge makes people indolent and lackadaisical and nonchalant.Kaizen Capabilities, skills, efficiency and the like are not constant. They keep improving over time. Hence benchmarks need to be revise constantly. Innovativeness is a natural propensity.Genchi Genbutsu Try to find the root cause before making correction of the apparent defects.RESPECT FOR PEOPLERespect Others must be respected. There should be mutual apprehensiveness and a readiness to accept responsibility to build mutual trust.Team work Working together to achieve organizational and individual objectives through commitment.LONG-TERM PERSPECTIVEShort-term goals are mere derivatives of the long-term ones and the former are dependent on the latter and hence, precedency shall be given to pursue/revise long-term goals.THE RIGHT PROCESS PRODUCES THE RIGHT RESULTSCreation of a continuous process fuse facilitates inherent problems to be apparent at surface. Lacunae, if any, will come to surface unevenness in loading of wo rk spaces will be indicated. Adopting pull system of production prevents overproduction. Under pull system of production, production scheduling is not done for large scale manufacturing. Master production schedule is made based on the current orders on hand. Once these orders are processed, the production process is stalled and rescheduled upon receiving new orders. Thus, products are pulled out of the system by customers.As long as production goes, care should be taken to avoid unevenness of flow of the process. This requires every material, tool, equipment and labour to be readily available at the respective work station to avoid interruption. Defect to be nipped in the bud. This means that if the job on the assembly line or at a work center is found to be defective, the same cannot be passed to the next work station/center without being rectified of the defect. This gives two-fold advantage first, all the output that comes out will be defect free and secondly, there is no need t o invest on a quality assurance system.Line stopping Where, on an assembly line, if any defect is noticed by the operators, he is given discretion to stop the assembly line by means of a switch and hold it manger the defect is rectified. Continuous improvement is based on standardization of operations/tasks and employee empowerment. Standardization of operations facilitates fixing benchmarks for employees and thereby provides for comparison of performance against benchmarks. Once they are met by the employees, the benchmarks will be revised. This way, performance and efficiency keep increasing year by year, leading to ever increasing performance and productivity.Visual control system This system alarms the workers of any lapse or defect that my arise during the production process. When the system identifies a defect, it alarms the workers through visual devices. Using fool-proofed technology The Toyotan philosophy calls for using equipment of proven technology to ensure a steady a nd uninterrupted flow of the process as well as to get the output of the in demand(p) quality.DEVELOPING PEOPLE AND PARTNERS ADDS VALUE TO THE ORGANIZATIONLeaders should be developed from among the employees who relish the philosophy, understand it thoroughly and are willing to share it with others. Exceptional personnel department and teams who imbibe and nurture the aspirations of the company should be developed. Network partners and suppliers by sharing expertise should be honored and challenging assignments should be given to help them improve.A SUSTAINED EFFORT TO RESOLVING ROOT PROBLEMS DRIVES ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNINGA personal involvement in a situation provides a thorough understanding of an issue. Decision making shall be done coolly through consensus, taking into consideration all possible options. Implementation shall be done quickly. This is based on the belief that collective wisdom is always superior to the individuals. Creating an environment in the organization so, that every employee indulges in learning things and improves performance on a continue basis. This makes the whole organization, a learning organization.How Toyota Is Comparable To And Discernible From FordProduction PhilosophyToyota Relies on piece-meal style of production, i.e., produces only when there is pull from the customerFord Whereas Ford manufactured in large scale to create stock based on estimated demandNature of workToyota Designed the work so, that workers had to be multi- skilled to perform complex tasks.Ford Over simplified complex operations such that workers needed low level skillsStandardizationToyota Though was influenced by the writings of Edwards Deming and Henry Ford, was embarrassed on eye-witnessing the assembly lines of Ford Motors facilities in Michigan.Ford Could demonstrate business success through the policy of standardization of products, components, equipment, process and control.Pace of outputToyota production system was continual and produced in small quantities as each customer merited. No pile up of finished goods.Ford Held the policy of turning over at uniform pace to create huge pile up of stocks.Set up time costToyota essentially designed for continual flow meriting frequent changeovers and dance band ups, but this could be offset by the extra costs of blocking capital in the form of huge pile up of stocks, characteristic of Ford Motors.Ford As the scheduling is done for continuous run, changeovers are less frequent and so, low set up time and cost.Workers discretionToyota Allowed certain amount of discretion to workers on the assembly line such as empowering them to inspect the job for defects and to stall the flow on the assembly line to rectify the defect then and there and then let it go to the next work station to ensure nil defect situation and to eliminate the need of rework division.Ford Eliminated the scope for workers discretion to be used at the work place since each worker on the assembly line had to perform only a single task and the next task had to be done by the next worker. Workers had no authority to stop the flow of work as such, an incidence of defect is allowed to pass till the end of the process and the defective item is sent to rework division.Process designToyota Focused on three criteria while designing its production system, i.e., overburden, inconsistency, and waste. These words are simple, but have out-of-the-way(prenominal) reaching effects. The last(a) criterion is pivotal for the success of the company. The seven wastes concept indicates a treat amount of insight of the Toyotans and it is unique of Toyota. But, ironically, Toyotan inspiration is rooted in the writings of Edward Deming, who happens to be the American. The fun lies in the fact that American automobile industry did not pay heed to Demings philosophy, but non-Americans exhibited faith in it.Ford Bureaucratized as far as administration/control is concerned. All employees have to observe scalar chain and abide by the rules and proceduresLong-term perspective in planningToyota Ford Both companies look into far future.Developing peopleToyota Promotes development of exceptional individuals and teams.Ford Does not focus on developing experts as it has over simplified the tasks, rather, workers might gain efficiency as they do the single task repeatedly.Pay and incentivesToyota Provides ample scope for personnel to grow as it nurtures innovation, employee participation and so on.Ford The policy is to pay and provide incentives based on results.Problem solvingToyota Employees are nurtured in such a culture that they address a problem through the root cause instead of taking a perfunctory look.Ford Employees are not trained along making deeper efforts in addressing problems. They used to leave the problem at perfunctory levels.SummaryThe world has witnessed a constant transformation as regards the automobile production/operations philosophy. The Fords mass producti on (produce to stock) philosophy received ample appreciation and was convicted to be the right path by most other manufacturers (1914). This has been evidenced by the way the long Three, (Ford Motors, General Motors and Chrysler) flourished during early and mid 20th century. But the onset of Toyota production system, which is based on the philosophy of lean manufacturing, started sending tremors into the well complacent American automobile industrys regime. The principle of Toyota Motor Company (TMC) to eliminate wastes and subsequent TMCs success attracted other manufacturers who tried to copy, but in vain. They could not imitate the whole TMCs philosophy as it is.

Linear And Non Linear Voltage Divider Engineering Essay

Linear And Non Linear Voltage Divider Engineering EssayThe report describes an investigation of how linear and non-linear potential partition type of tour of duty relies on the application of Ohms law (1).The linear set was consisted of serial publication ohmic resistances. Separating the tally granting immunity of the circuit into two parts, the circuit functions as a potential flake out divider crosswise which fall output potentials, and are taken. The report hence is also study the ope symmetryn of a electric potential divider and finds that the substance electromotive force drop around a single close path divides among the series resistors in amounts straight proportional to the shelter values (2) so the formula where and are the output voltages crosswise the shelter and considerively was derive.The investigation was conduct under range of DC and AC input voltages so the ratio surrounded by the output voltages was compared to the required ratio of 21. This was successfully matched within the tolerance of 5% thus the proportionality of the output voltages to the input voltages proves the linearity of the circuit and it applicability to Ohms law.The non-linear circuit was consisted of 1k resistor and a fibril bulb. The investigation was conduct under range of DC and AC input voltages and shows that the recorded metre of the output voltage crosswise the bulb, , was not showing linear trend with respect to the input voltage, . Inspection of the IV chrematistic of the string bulb shows that the bulb is a non-ohmic conductor. Looking at the linear band the resistance of 61.2 was installIntroductionWork objectiveChoosing the right apparatus and comp superstarnts is essential when designing electronic circuits. This needs to be through with(p) carefully so the measurements will be as accurate as possible. This report aims to find a procedure of choosing the right resistors and the method of using them. This concept together with how to rec ognise resistors values, measuring probable difference across a comp whiznt and the physics of the fibril bulb will be examined in the background to the experiment work.Understanding the specification bent grass out in the task is key factor in completing the practical work. The report will examine the theory applied to the voltage divider and by using the definition of authentic, voltage, electrical resistance and creator, the report will capture the voltage divider formula and the assumption that these formula are ground on. The report will then present the prediction based on the theory.The report will show the method of how the wide range of reading is to be taken and explain which variables are going to change and which variables will be kept the same. Also, the particular method to test the prediction and completing the exercise hired man will be presented as well as the reason for why this method was chosen.Finally, the report will analyze one of the simple basic circ uits the voltage divider. The report will evaluate the evidence and procedures and a comment on the accuracy and reliability of the result. The last section will suggest ways the measurement could be made more accurate and reliable and how this experiment might be extended.Background to the experimental workRESISTOR POWER RATINGSThe amount of power in a resistor is important beca call the power rating of the resistor must be high enough to handle the expected power in the circuit. The resistors employ in this experiment are type CRF16. These incur small topic size and full power rating of 0.25 W. To specify the required borderline resistance the side by side(p) procedure is adoptedDetermine the ingrained resistance The total series resistance, , is the sum of all resistors in the series circuit.Next, the current, , need to be calculated. When resistors are attached in series and a voltage is applied across the series connection, there is only one path for current hence sepa rately resistor in series has the same amount of current through it. Using Ohms law which states that the current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance (1) the equationwhere, is the line voltage is derive. Then the power, , in each resistor isSubstituting (1.1-2) into (1.1-3), the following equation is obtainedrearranging to rescue THE RESISTORS COLOR CODESThe resistors utilise in this experiment are common fix resistor constructed using light speed film. The resistive carbon evenly distributed along the high-grade ceramic rod. In order to differentiate between the resistors value and confirming the values and tolerance when they are affiliated to the circuit, a color secret writing system is apply. The resistors employ in this experiment are coded with four bands. The first and the gage band closer to the end represent the first and second digit respectively. The third band represents the multiplier, i.e. the name of zeros following the second digit. In this experiment the last band represent tolerance value of 5% and it is a gold color. The table in accompaniment 3 shows the resistance value of a resistor with 4-band color code.MEASURING VOLTAGEA DMM has a floating common, so it digest be connected to any point in the circuit and read the correct voltage between the two leads.Measuring voltage with oscilloscope may create a grounding problem since the generator and the oscilloscope have a common ground. The problem occurs when trying to measure the voltage across the component that is not connected to ground. Trying to do so, will effectively short out of the circuit all the components that connected from the death at which the measurement is taken to the ground terminal and the voltage measured is meaningless. This is become actually important when current sensitive components like the filament bulb are connected in the circuit. The resistor is because the current limiting impedance. Shorting out the res istor could raise the current to levels that could cause permanent damage to the bulb. The solution to the problem is usually to recognise the grounding points of the circuit and connecting the oscilloscope to these points only. To find out the voltage across the component which is not connected to ground, the method used is to subtract the measured voltage from the input voltageTHE FILAMENT LAMP (7)The filament is made of tungsten wire and it is essentially a device for converting electrical input energy into an output of radiant energy in the form of light and heat. According the temperature at which the filament glows will determine the appearance of the light emitted. The tungsten wire is very fine in diameter the wire is coil as shown in human body. 1.1.4-1.The closer the spacing of the coils the hotter the filament can operate.The filament lamp to be used in this experiment is yellow filament lamp size 4mm and it is rated at 12V, 30mA with output energy of 0.7 Lumens. The ide al operation condition for AC is stabilized 50Hz. This bulb is sensitive to operation with DC as the one direction current flow causes an effect named DC notching where the filament wire is becoming weak. The report will define the metal (tungsten) filament lamp device by the current voltage (I/V) characteristics and will explain the difference in behavior of the tungsten filament light bulb.Figure .1.4-1 Single Coil filament (7) dubiousness IN CALCULATED VALUES (8)The arithmetic mean ratio, , will be calculated by the following equation(1.1.5-1)where can have any integer value, is the number of observations and represent any of the observation. Having obtained a mean value, , the precision of the experiment will be quantified by using the equation for standard deviation, , for the special case where all data points have equal weight(1.1.5-2 )The standard deviation, defined by Eq. (1.1.5-2) provides the random uncertainty estimate for any one of the measurements used to depend . T he standard deviation of the mean value of a set of measurements , when all measurement have equal statistical weight is given byThe results in this report will be stated in term of the percent or fractional uncertainty, . Multiply by 100. The relationship between and is as follows schemeGoverning equationsThis section will sell a single-loop circuit, as shown in figure 2.1-1 in order to develop the equations relative to the experiment. The direction of the resistor voltages and current are marked according the convention set by Ohms lawElectron flow current is defined to be into the negative side of each resistor and out of the negative side of each resistor and out of the more compulsive (less negative) side. With regards to the source electrons flow current is defined to be out of the negative side of a source and into the positive side.Figure .1-1 Single-loop circuit with voltage source vs.Using Kirchhoffs current low at each node. The following four equations can be obtained (2.1-1) a(2.1-2) b(2.1-3) c(2.1-4) dEach of these equations can be derived from the other three equations. Since the current is the same at all point in a series circuit the following equation is notedso that the current can be said to be the loop current and flows continuously around the loop from a to b to c to d and back to a. The connection of resistor is Fig 2.1-1 is said to be a series connection since all the elements carry the same current. In order to determine, we use the principle of superposition where voltage sources in series pass on algebraically and Kirchhoffs voltage low around the loop The sum of all voltage drops around a single closed path in a circuit is equal to the total source voltage, in that loop.(2.1-5)where are the voltage across the resistors . Also from Kirchhoffs voltage law The algebraic sum of all the voltages (both source and drops) around a single closed path is zero. The voltage drops in a circuit are always opposite in polarity to the total sour ce voltage. Eq. (2.1-5) can be written as(2.1-6)Using Ohms law for each resistor, Eq. (2.1-6) can be written asSolving for , we haveThus, the voltage across the nth resistor is and can be obtained asA voltage drop results from a decrease in energy level across the resistor.A voltage divider is a series arrangement of resistor connected to a voltage source. Thus, the voltage appearing across one of a series resistors connected in series with a voltage source will be the ratio of its resistance to the total resistance.This circuit shown in Fig 2.1-2 demonstrates the principle of voltage division, and the circuit is called a voltage divider or potential dividerIn general, the voltage divider principle is represented by the equationwhere , is the voltage across the nth resistor of N resistors connected in series.A voltage divider is so named because the voltage drop across any resistor in the series circuit is divided down from the total voltage by an amount proportional to that resista nce value in relation to the total resistance.Comparing the circuit shown in figure 2.1-1 and the circuit shown in figure 2.1-2, the current are identical when and the resistance is said to be an equaivient resistance of the series connection of resistors and .To determine the resistance and required so that the ratio between the voltages cross and will be 21 we consider the voltage across the first resistanceAnd across the second resistanceThe lab script desire, so division of the first equation in the second resultsThe constant of proportionality is called the gain of the voltage divider. The value of the gain is determined by the resistance RA and RB (4)Choosing the value of the resistors. It wasnt possible to chose valuesThe total resistance between any two points in a series circuit is equal to the sum of all the resistors connected in series between those two points.In our simple circuit if the voltage source connected to a resistance Rx and Ry as shoen in figure, for this cir cuitIf all the resistors in a series circuit are of equal value, the total resistance is the number of resistor multiplied by the resistance value of one resistor.The total power in a resistive circuit is the sum of all the individual powers of the resistor making up the series circuit. Ground (Common) is zero volts with respect to all points referenced to it in the circuit. Negative ground is the term used when the negative side of the source is grounded. Positive ground is the term used when the positive side of the source is grounded. The voltage across an open component always equals to the source voltage. The voltage across a shorted component is always 0 V.The circuit constructed was consisting of series string of resistors connected to a voltage source. Although there can be any number there are two voltage drop across the resistors One across R1 and one across R2. These voltages drops are V1 and V2 respectively, as indicated iun the schematic. Since each resistor has the sam e current, the voltage drops are proportional to the resistance value. For congressman if R2 us twice of R1. Then the valye of V2 is twice that of V1. The total voltage drop around a single closed path divides among the series resistors in amounts directly proportional to the resistance value. The voltage divider is an important application of series circuits. This report will derive and apply the voltage-divider formula in order to obtain ratio of 21 between output voltages.A series circuit can have only one path for current. The total resistance of a series circuit is found by the following equationKirchhoffs voltage lawTotal powerIf three equal resistors are used in a voltage divider, the voltage across each one will be one-third of the source voltage. A potentiometer can be used as an adjustable voltage divider.The essential circuit of a voltage divider, also called potential divider isThe voltage divider equation can be written asThe power dissipated by the resistor in a serie s circuit is the same as the power supplied by the source.The theory applied to the circuit consists of a few calculation to develop a formula for determining how the voltage divided among series resistors.The resistance between two terminals can be considered as one part and the resistance between other two terminals can be considered as another part.The familiarity of how the filament lamp behaves under varying conditions of current and voltage is essential in building electronic circuits consists of the filament lamp therefore characteristic would be shown as a graph of the current (y-axis) versus voltage (x-axis) for the filament lamp. It will show how the electric current flowing through the component varies as the voltage across the filament lamp is gradually increases by the experimenter. The electric current in this experiment is the dependent variable i.e. it is dependent upon the voltage setting chosen by the experimenter.Assumptions statementThe resistors used in this ex periment are given with a certain tolerance of 5%The exact resistor values dont matter, so long as their ratio is correctThe formula and the approximate rules given above assume that negligible current flows from the output. This is true if Vo is connected to a device with a high resistance such as voltmeter or an IC input.Experimental procedure and resultsExperimental procedureAPPARTUS AND COMPONENETSTo carry the experiment the use of the following apparatus and components is required breadboardBlack wire to connect between the circuit and the negative tot terminalRed wire to connect between the circuit and the positive supply terminalEL302Tv DC Power Supply to supply DC voltageMTX3240 5MHz Signal generatorTDS2002B digital oscilloscope to measure the output AC voltageFluke 115 digital multimeter to measure output DC voltageResistor Carbon Film 5% 0.25W brown-black-red-goldResistor Carbon Film 5% 0.25W brown-black-red-goldResistor Carbon Film 5% 0.25W brown-black-red-goldFilam ent lamp T1.25 12V 30mA, bi-pin2 Croc ClipsT-PieceElectronics Test ProbeREPERTORY OF METHODSThe set up of the apparatus needs to be done correctly and skilfully. The quantities measured are Checking for errors in the measuring instruments and the need to take action should errors are foundThis experiment begins with the three 1 k carbon film resistors with tolerance of 5% and power rating of 0.25W. Confirming the right resistors are used by comparing it with 1 k colour coding Brown-Black-Red-Gold and measuring and recording their values as R1, R2 and R3Connecting the two legs of the resistors in series on the bread board. Connect the bread board to the power supply and the multimeter as shown in figure . the negative terminal of the power supply and the red probe to the positive terminal of the power supply to record the source voltage Vin, move the red probe to the terminal point A to record the voltage drop across R1.To record the voltage across the upper resistor change the multi meter connection to the circuit as shown in figure. noting the voltage drop across the other two resistors as V2The main function of the 1 k resistor in this circuit is to control the current and the voltage across the lamp. If too much current flow through the filament lamp it is destroyed so the resistor is used to limit the current.Connect the circuit on the bread board as shown if figure belowMeasure the source voltage, VS and the voltage across the filament, Vf for different Source voltage as shown in table 2. Calculate the current, If using Ohms law. Calculate the resistance of the filament RfVs(V) Vr (V) IF=VR/R (A) VF(V) RF=VF/IF (Ohm)2468...Table 3.1.2 I-V characteristics of a filamentPlot a graph of Vf versus IF and find the resistance of the filament at two points A and B specified belowResistance at A (Vf=1V), RA=Resistance at B (Vf=3V), RB=It is clear that the resistance at B is greater. This is becauseResultsThe results that appear in this section will be those on whi ch the tidingss will be based and from which the graphical plots will be represented. Results will normally have the units of the SI, although some may have traditional units, e.g. motor speed/rpm.Table 2 Amplifier gain as a function of frequencyfrom the measurements of input bless amplitude and output signal amplitude the voltage gain has been calculated as shown in Table 2Axes shall not have arrow heads at their ends, and division marks on an axis shall not be closer than 20 mm.Data points should preferably be shown by small circles, squares or triangles with a dot in the centre crosses, either vertical or inclined, may be used when all other options have been exhausted.Do not use colour to differentiate between curves on the same figure use different legends (e.g. circle and square) and perhaps different line types (e.g. continuous and broken). Give a legend key to describe the curves.Keep a figure free from extraneous text and lines, such as a right angle and a calculation to determine a slope.It would also help to show a thin lined grid. passwordInterpretation of and/or commentary on the resultsThe discussion is the interpretation of and/or commentary on the results and the reasoning on which the conclusions are founded.For example, in a figure showing the variate of voltage gain of an amplifier with frequency might exhibit a slight increase in gain at high frequency before the main fall off in gain. Your text in the discussion should give reasons for this behaviour.A variable resistor which can be varied by moving a knob or slider could also be used for this experiment. Connecting the pots three leg so it could act as a potential divider. Adjusting the potentiometer mechanism until the voltmeter register merely 1/3 of total voltage between the wiper and the positive terminal and checking that this ratio maintain for double the voltage.Precision estimationIt is in the Discussion section that an estimate of the precision of your results should be given .ConclusionsThe conclusions represents a clear and orderly presentation of the deductions made after full consideration of the results of the work. .. the details of an involved argument or result should not be included.Making sure that the power ratings of the resistors are adequate for the applicationNot all componenets obey Ohms law for the variation of current with voltage. Ohms law describes the behaviour of metals but even for these materials the law is only obeyed under very specific conditions of constant temperature and pressure. Thus Ohms law describes obly the behaviour of one type of material (metals) under very specific conditions.The voltage divider is a very important basic circuit. The voltage divider is a very simple circuit that can be highly accurate if not loaded down. Understanding the principle of voltage divider helps in designing demodulator systems and guide how to provide reference voltages to an electronic circuit in an analog-to-digital converter. use r esistors in an appropriate configuration. low resistance values will draw a significant amount of current from the original source. This is probably acceptable if the original source is an electronic power supply, but not if its an actual battery. Thus, this use of a voltage divider is reasonable and appropriate in some circumstances, but not in all cases The proportionality of voltage drops (ratio of one to another) is strictly a function of resistance values. the voltage drop across each resistor is also a fixed proportion of the supply voltage.The voltage divider is a very important basic circuit, and exploring the calculation above with various values can give you insight into a large number of practical circuit applications.The ratio of individual resistance to total resistance is the same as the ratio of individual voltage drop to total supply voltage in a voltage divider circuit. This is known as the voltage divider formula, and it is a short-cut method for determining voltag e drop in a series circuit without going through the current calculation(s) of Ohms Law.Voltage dividers find wide application in electric meter circuits, where specific combinations of series resistors are used to divide a voltage into precise proportions as part of a voltage measurement device.nn linear resistance thus Ohms law is only applicable at the linear band of the bulb resistance which is found to be 61.2.conclusions about the work you did including any suggestions or modifications to the experiment