Elizabeth Barrett Browning :: essays papers

Elizabeth Barrett Browning Elizabeth Barrett Browning was born Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett at Coxhoe Hall, Durham County on March 6, 1806. She was one of twelve children. Her parents, Edward Moulton-Barrett and Mary Graham Clarke Moulton-Barrett had eight sons and quad daughters. Between 1809 and 1814 Elizabeth began writing poetry. In 1818 she wrote The Battle of Marathon and in 1820 her father had it published. When Elizabeth was fifteen years of age, she developed an illness and was prescribed Opium, which began her lifelong Opium habit. Elizabeths premiere published work was The Rose and Zephyr in 1825 at the age of twenty-one. A year later, she published An Essay on Mind. Both publications were anonymous and were financially supported by her family. Her father assisted in getting them both published. Elizabeth had commented later in her career that these works were Popes Homer make over again, or rather redone. She obviously thought very little of the early part of her career. Her Mother passed away in 1828 and Elizabeth began studying classical literary works under H.S. Boyd. Her next publication was Prometheus Bound, published in 1833 and once again, anonymously. This translation was from the Greek playwright, Aeschylus. Boyd re-ignited an interest of Elizabeths since childhood, in Greek literature and studies. During her youth, Elizabeth was self- taught in the field of view of literature. She read Paradise Lost, Dantes Inferno and the Old Testament, in Hebrew, which was obviously the backdrop for Prometheus Bound. In 1837 Elizabeths wellness deteriorated when she burst a blood watercraft affecting her lungs Elizabeth became an invalid. One year later, Elizabeth published her first volume of poetry under her own name, The Seraphim and Other Poems. This work received favorable reviews, which in turn, brought near a correspondence with Wordsworth, Carlyle, and Poe. Poe even wrote an introduction in Elizabeths two-volume edition o f poetry Poems in 1844. She truly began her literary career in 1838. Elizabeth moved to Torquay for her health and was often accompanied by different family members but her favorite was her brother, Edward. Elizabeths uncle passed away that same year leaving her financially secure. In 1840, Edward drowned in Babbacombe verbalize off Torquay. She then wrote De Profundis expressing her grief. In 1840, Elizabeth wrote The Cry of the Children. In 1841 she returned to London, still an invalid, and began working on reviews, articles, and translations.

Eating Disorders and Athletic Participation :: Health Nutrition Sports Papers

Eating Disorders and Athletic Participation Over the past few decades, there has been a colossal increase in the prevalence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa which accommodate emerged as major psychological and health problems. This increase in eating disorders has resulted from the intense societal pressure to diet and conform to an unrealistic weight and system size. For the general population of women, the lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa is approximately 0.7%, and that of bulimia nervosa is as high as 10.3% ( Taub & Blinde, 1992). Since many athletes contain similar behaviors to those with eating disorders, there has too been an increase in interest in whether athletes are at a risk for eating disorders. An increase risk of eating disorders among athletes has been proposed for several reasons. For starters, athletes tend to stage many personality characteristics such as perfectionism and the strive for high achievement which are found in patients wi th eating disorders. Other correlates include high self-expectation, competitiveness, compulsiveness, drive, self-motivation, and great pressure to be thin (Piracy, 1999). In order to improve performance, athletes whitethorn need to maintain a strong control and constantly monitor their be shape. This behavior has been identified as a risk factor for both anorexia and bulimia (Piracy, 99). In addition to the societal pressure to be thin, athletes have bare pressure for increased performance and ranking, which make them more cautious of their body size and shape leading them to become more susceptible for eating disorders. Although these characteristics may predispose athletes to eating disorders, some of these behaviors can as well be beneficial to their sport. For example, the drive for perfectionism can help increase athletic performance and success. It may also help in other areas of their live such as school and in social relationships. Studies Several of the early studies which attempted to estimate the prevalence of eating disorders among athletes yielded many mixed results. Some studies labeled college athletes as high risk, whereas others have found no support for such a label. The estimates widely varied button from 1% in anorexia and up to 30% in bulimia. In 1993, Sundgot-Borden and Larsen compared eating disorder correlates across sport categories with female college students and a female clinical population. Their results revealed that athletes concern in endurance and ball game sports did not differ on eating disorder correlates, and were not at risk for eating disorder correlates.

A Night To Remember Essay examples -- essays research papers

The RMS Titanic A Tragedy Based on Class. In April, 1912, the so called "unsinkable" Titanic set sail to in the raw York. The great ship was as big as five city blocks, and weighed thousands and thousands of tons. Everyone who was everyone grabbed a room on the luxurious ship for the trip of a lifetime. On April 14, 1912, the RMS Titanic struck an iceberg an sank into the icy depths of the North Atlantic. People were shocked at the news of the "unsinkable" Titanic sinking and this disbelief was due to the nineteenth Centurys conviction on science and industry to solve problems. When people set eyes on the most luxurious and biggest ship ever, they comfortably presumed it unsinkable. The Titanic, along with its size, had watertight doors and could keep afloat if four of its bottom compartments were fully flooded. So people safely assumed that they had overcame Gods power and that their great science and industry reigned supreme. This type of thought led to the quot e, "God himself could not sink this ship"(A Night to Remember p. 31) Other things that contributed to the reliance on science and industry were inventions in the Industrial Revolution, such as steam power. Steam power revolutionized transportation and brought about great changes to the dependability on ships such as Titanic, which used steam power. Also, during the Industrial Revolution, science was used to solve many problems and help out the birth of many great inventions. These inventions solv...

The Great Pyramid Essay -- essays research papers

OutlineThesis Statement The commodious benefit is a mystery to the modern age, take down though itspurpose, uses, history, and condition have challenged explorers for centuries it willalways be considered one of the greatest wonders of the world.1. wherefore was the Great gain built?A.Who built the Great benefit?B.Why was it built?C.Comparative theories.2.What was the Great profit used for?A.Religious uses.B.Astronomical uses.C.Environmental uses.3.How was the Great Pyramid built?A.Workers.B.Dimensions.C.Surrounding community.Why the Great Pyramid of Giza was built is a question that has been challenging archeologists, philosophers, and historians for cokes of years. What we do know is that the Egyptians built it during the fourth dynasty under the rule of King Khufu in the area know as Giza. (i) The amount of people that it took to build such a massive structure has been the subject of dispute for hundreds of years. The Greek historian Herodotus believed that it took one hun dred pace workers oer a twenty-year period to build the great pyramid, but recent archaeologists using modern calculations believe that the pyramid was built by four cat valium base laborers and sixteen to twenty thousand secondary workers but also over a twenty year time period. (ii) There are umpteen competing theories on why the great pyramid was built, none of them are definite but all of them are interesting. Many other pyramids have been built in the kernel East but none of the same stature. Other pyramids have been found to be burial chambers for various kings and pharaohs, but the Great Pyramid contained no burial remnants even though its essential design is the same as other pyramids, even containing special chambers for a king and a queen. (iii) modern font day scientists have discovered many interesting correlations between the location and dimensions of the Great Pyramid, that relate to the earth, the stars, and the seasons. (iv) Several controversies have risen ove r the give way hundred years about the reasons for the building of the Great Pyramid. Some theories believe that the Great Pyramid was built by or aided by stranger beings because of the detailed nature of its location and dimensions. While others believe that, the pyramid represented a symbol of ultimate power for t... ...tration along with metalworkers, joiners, painters, and draughtsmen because of various workshops found in the ruins. (xvi) It has been apprehension that feeding these armies of workers were extensive bakeries because bread mold from the same period has also been uncovered. (xvii) All these discoveries are the main reason why it is believed that this great lusus naturae of a structure was built out of national pride, by volunteers and not by slave labor as previously theorized. When one looks at the general task and complexity of building this Great Pyramid, it certainly will always remain one of the greatest accomplishments of humankind.Bibliography1. Pyra mid. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2003. Encyclopedia Britannica Premium Service. 27 Sep, 2003 .2. Egyptians. British transmit Service. 2003. British Broadcasting Service Interactive. 26 Sep, 2003 3. Excavations at Giza 1988 1991. University of Chicago. 1992. Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. 26 Sep, 2003 4. Q&A with Dr. Kent Weeks. The Learning Channel. 2003. The Learning Channel Online. 26 Sep, 2003 5. Great Pyramid Facts and Statistics. Egyptian Pyramids Index. 2001. Crystalinks. 27 Sep, 2003 The Great Pyramid Essay -- essays research papers OutlineThesis Statement The Great Pyramid is a mystery to the modern age, even though itspurpose, uses, history, and condition have challenged explorers for centuries it willalways be considered one of the greatest wonders of the world.1.Why was the Great Pyramid built?A.Who built the Great Pyramid?B.Why was it built?C.Comparative theories.2.What was the Great Pyramid used for?A.Religious uses.B.Astronomical uses.C.Envi ronmental uses.3.How was the Great Pyramid built?A.Workers.B.Dimensions.C.Surrounding community.Why the Great Pyramid of Giza was built is a question that has been challenging archeologists, philosophers, and historians for hundreds of years. What we do know is that the Egyptians built it during the fourth dynasty under the rule of King Khufu in the area known as Giza. (i) The amount of people that it took to build such a massive structure has been the subject of dispute for hundreds of years. The Greek historian Herodotus believed that it took one hundred thousand workers over a twenty-year period to build the great pyramid, but recent archaeologists using modern calculations believe that the pyramid was built by four thousand primary laborers and sixteen to twenty thousand secondary workers but also over a twenty year time period. (ii) There are many competing theories on why the great pyramid was built, none of them are definite but all of them are interesting. Many other pyramid s have been built in the Middle East but none of the same stature. Other pyramids have been found to be burial chambers for various kings and pharaohs, but the Great Pyramid contained no burial remnants even though its essential design is the same as other pyramids, even containing special chambers for a king and a queen. (iii) Modern day scientists have discovered many interesting correlations between the location and dimensions of the Great Pyramid, that relate to the earth, the stars, and the seasons. (iv) Several controversies have risen over the last hundred years about the reasons for the building of the Great Pyramid. Some theories believe that the Great Pyramid was built by or aided by alien beings because of the precise nature of its location and dimensions. While others believe that, the pyramid represented a symbol of ultimate power for t... ...tration along with metalworkers, joiners, painters, and draughtsmen because of various workshops found in the ruins. (xvi) It ha s been thought that feeding these armies of workers were extensive bakeries because bread mold from the same period has also been uncovered. (xvii) All these discoveries are the main reason why it is believed that this great giant of a structure was built out of national pride, by volunteers and not by slave labor as previously theorized. When one looks at the overall task and complexity of building this Great Pyramid, it certainly will always remain one of the greatest accomplishments of humankind.Bibliography1. Pyramid. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2003. Encyclopedia Britannica Premium Service. 27 Sep, 2003 .2. Egyptians. British Broadcasting Service. 2003. British Broadcasting Service Interactive. 26 Sep, 2003 3. Excavations at Giza 1988 1991. University of Chicago. 1992. Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. 26 Sep, 2003 4. Q&A with Dr. Kent Weeks. The Learning Channel. 2003. The Learning Channel Online. 26 Sep, 2003 5. Great Pyramid Facts and Statistics. Egyptian Pyramids Ind ex. 2001. Crystalinks. 27 Sep, 2003

Manipulative Kate of All My Sons by Arthur Miller Essay examples -- A

Manipulative Kate of All My Sons by Arthur MillerAll My Sons is a tinker about the trials and tribulations of the normal everyday suburbia. The play brings out the reality that not everything is perfect. Holes are created by the fight between good and evil. In this play the evil is the act of lying, and the good is the innocence of ignorance. The play starts with an everyday blood line man given the age-old fight of man versus himself. He had to decide whether or not to ship defective parts. On the one side if he did not, he would lose his business and his life as he knew it. On the early(a) hand, he could send parts that could kill innocent others. Evil came out of him and he lied and shipped the defective parts. Later on twenty one soldiers died from this, and his business was put on the spot. He lied yet again and had his partner take the blame to spend years in prison. Joe was found not felonious by the court of law and only a few knew of the real happenings. One of those fe w was his wife, Kate. She was one of the good, innocent few until she began to lie to everyone, keeping in her husbands secret. Problems arose when her one son never returned from war. She did not want to assume he was dead she was only lying to herself. Over time, Kate started to change she never acknowledged the law and kept trying to live her own little lie. A sinister outlook started to set in. Certain danger was imminent as Kates posture leached into the people of the formerly peaceful suburban t...

Manipulative Kate of All My Sons by Arthur Miller Essay examples -- A

Manipulative Kate of All My Sons by Arthur MillerAll My Sons is a play ab prohibited the trials and tribulations of the normal day-after-day suburbia. The play brings out the reality that not everything is perfect. Holes are created by the fight between good and evil. In this play the evil is the act of lying, and the good is the innocence of ignorance. The play starts with an everyday business man given the age-old fight of man versus himself. He had to decide whether or not to ship defective parts. On the one typeface if he did not, he would lose his business and his life as he knew it. On the other hand, he could send parts that could kill innocent others. reprehensible came out of him and he lied and shipped the defective parts. Later on twenty one soldiers died from this, and his business was put on the spot. He lied yet over again and had his partner take the blame to spend years in prison. Joe was found not guilty by the court of law and only a some knew of the real happ enings. One of those few was his wife, Kate. She was one of the good, innocent few until she began to lie to everyone, keeping in her husbands secret. Problems arose when her one son never returned from war. She did not want to suck up he was dead she was only lying to herself. Over time, Kate started to change she never acknowledged the truth and kept trying to live her own little lie. A sinister outlook started to set in. Certain danger was imminent as Kates presence leached into the people of the formerly peaceful suburban t...

Media Systems Dependency Theory

Media dodgings dependency theory (MSDT), or simply media dependency, was developed by Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur in 1976. 1 The theory is grounded in classical sociological literature positing that media and their consultations should be studied in the con school schoolbook of larger affectionate systems. MSDT ties together the interrelations of broad affectionate systems, throne media, and the individual into a encyclopaedic explanation of media feeling.At its core, the basic dependency hypothesis states that the more than a person depends on media to meet unavoidably, the more big media result be in a persons life, and then the more effects media will defy on a person.The kins between components dependance on media emerges from three relationships.1) The relationship between the society and the media Within this relationship, media access and availability atomic number 18 regarded as important antecedents to an individuals experience with the media. The nature of media dependence on societal systems varies across political, economic, and cultural system.2) The relationship between the media and the audience This relationship is the key variable in this theory because it affects how people might use a mass medium. This relationship also varies across media systems. The more salient the selective in actation needs , the stronger ar the motivation to seek mediated information and the dependency on the medium. In result, the likelihood for the media to affect audiences becomes greater. 3) The relationship between the society and the audience. The societies influence consumers needs and motives for media use, and provide norms, hold dears, knowledge, and laws for their members.Social system can parting an alternatives to the media by offering resembling services of the media.Media needs and media dependencyThree types of needsAccording to Ball-Rokeach and DeFleur, three media needs determine how important media is to a person at a ny given moment 1) The need to understand ones accessible terra firma (surveillance) 2) The need to act meaningfully and effectively in that world (social utility) 3) The need to escape from that world when tensions atomic number 18 high (fantasy-escape) When these needs for media be high, the more people turnto media to meet these needs, and therefore the media flip a greater opportunity to effect them. That said, none of these media needs are constant over long periods of time. They compound based on aspects of our social environment.Two basic corresponds for hightened media needsMedia dependency theory states two specific conditions under which peoples media needs, and consequently peoples dependency on media and the say-so for media effects, are heightened. The premier(prenominal) condition of heightened media needs occurs when the number of media and centrality of media functions in a society are high.For instance, in modernized countries like the United States, there are many media outlets and they serve up highly centralized social functions. In the United States alone, the media act as a fourth branch of government, an alarm system during depicted object emergencies, and as a tool for entertainment and escape, whereas in the underdeveloped world the media are not as numerous and serve far fewer functions. As much(prenominal), the media have a greater opportunity to serve needs and exert effects in contemporary America than in a third world country.The second condition of heightened media needs occurs when a society is undergoing social change and conflict. When there is a war or large- collection plate public protests like during Vietnam or the Arab Spring, a national emergency like the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, or a natural disaster like Hurricane Katrina, people turn to media to help understand these important events. Consequently, the media have a greater opportunity to exert effects during these times of social change and conflict.The effects of media messageBall-Rokeach and DeFleur suggests that the cognitive, expressional and affective consequences of media use are premised upon characteristics of both individuals and their social environment.CognitiveThere are five types of cognitive effects that will be exerted on audiences, the first of which is the creation and resolution of ambiguity. Ambiguity occurs when audiences receive inadequate or incomplete information virtually their social world.When there is high ambiguity, stress is created, and audiences are more likely to turn to mass media to resolve ambiguity. Ambiguity might be oddly prevalent during times of social change or conflict. The second effect is agenda-setting. This is an some other reason why we might call dependency a comprehensive theory of media effects it incorporates the entire theory of agenda-setting within its theoretical framework. Like any other effect, media agenda-setting effects should be heightened during times when the audiences needs and therefore dependency on media are high.So, for instance, if our informational needs and dependency on media was high during the invasion of Iraq in 2003, we would have been more susceptible to agenda-setting effects, and we would have therefore perceived the Iraq War as the most important problem (MIP) facing the United States. Third is attitude formation. Media exposes us to completely new people, such as political figures and celebrities, not to mention physical objects like birth control pills or car safety mechanisms that we come to form attitudes about.Dependency does not suggest media are monolithic in their ability to influence attitudes, but the theory does suggest that media cinch a role in selecting objects and people for which people form attitudes about. If a person is experiencing greater media dependency, we would therefore expect that the person will form more (or more complex) attitudes about these attitude-objects than people with low m edia dependency. Media also have the potential cognitive effect of expanding peoples belief systems.Media can create a kind of enlargement of citizens beliefs by disseminating information about other people, places, and things. Expansion of peoples belief systems refers to a broadening or enlarging of beliefs in a certain category. For example, a constant flow of information about ball-shaped warming will expand peoples beliefs about pollution affecting the earths atmosphere, about cap and trade and other policies, and about personal contributions to global warming.These beliefs meet with and are incorporated into an existing value system regarding religion, free enterprise, work, ecology, patriotism, recreation, and the family. Last is value clarification and conflict. Media help citizens clarify values (equality, freedom, honesty, forgiveness) often by precipitating information about value conflicts. For instance, during the 1960s the mass media regularly reported on the activiti es of the CivilRights movement, presenting conflicts between individual freedoms (e. g., a businessmans quality rights to deny blacks entrance) and equality (e. g. , human rights). When such conflicts play out in the mass media, the value conflicts are identified, resulting in audiences forming their own value positions. Such a position can be painful to articulate because it can force a choice between mutually incompatible goals and the means for obtaining them. However, in the affect of trying to decide which is more important in a particular case, general value priorities can become clarified.AffectiveBall-Rokeach and DeFleur mentions some(prenominal) possible affective media effects that are more likely to occur during times of heightened dependency. 1314 First is desensitization, which states that prolonged exposure to violent content can have a numbing effect on audiences, promoting insensitivity or the lack of desire toward helping others when violent encounters happen in real life. Second, exposure to news messages or TV dramas that limn crime-ridden cities can increase peoples fear or anxiety about living in or even traveling to a city. Media can also have effects on morale and feelings of alienation.The degree of positive or negative mass media depictions of social groups can cause fluctuations in peoples sense of morale in belonging to that group or in their sense of alienation from that group.BehavioralThere are two broad categories of behavioral effects that Ball-Rokeach and DeFleur identify. The first broad category is called activating effects, which refer to instances in which media audiences do something they would not otherwise have done as a consequence of receiving media messages. Behavioral effects are largely apprehension to work through cognitive and affective effects.For instance, a woman reading a news story about sexism in the workplace might form an attitude toward sexism that creates a negative emotional state, the culmination of which is joining a womens rights march in her local community. The second broad category of behavioral effects is called deactivation, and refers to instances in which audiences would have otherwise done something, but dont do as a consequence of media messages. For example, the primary election presidential campaign has become weeklong and increasingly use more media to target audiences.As such, primary campaigns might elicit negative attitudes toward the electoral process and negative affective states such as ennui or disgust that in turn might make a person not turn out to vote.The levels of media dependenceIn the MSD view, the media system has two-way resource-dependency relations with individuals (micro-level), groups and organizations (meso-level), and other social systems (macro-level).The microlevel(individual level) of dependencyMicrolevel, or individual level application focus on the relationship between individuals and media.The microlevel dependency, better known as individual level media system dependency(IMD)begins with an assessment of the types of motivation that bring individuals to use the media. In the perspective of IMD, goals are preferred to needs to conceptualize the motivations that affect media behavior. According to Ball-Rokeach and DeFleur, goals are the key place of individual motivation. While needs imply both rational and irrational motives, goals imply a problem-solving motivation more appropriate to a theory of media behavior based upon the dependency relation.Three types of motivational goalsThe IMD approach provides a comprehensive conceptualization of three motivational goalsunderstanding, orientation, and play. 1) Understanding- needs for individuals to have a basic understanding of themselves and the world around them. 2) Orientation- needs for individuals to direct personal actions effectively and interact successfully with others. 3) play(or recreation)- a way through which one learns roles, norms, and values and its reflected in such activities as sport, dance, and celebration.The macrolevel of dependencyEvery countrys media system is interdependent on the countrys other social systems (e. g. , its economy, its government) for resources, and vice-versa. At the macrolevel, dependency theory states these interrelationships influence what kinds of media products are disseminated to the public for consumption, and the range of possible uses people have for media.Media and Economic SystemThe media depend on a societys economic system for 1) inculcation andreinforcement of free enterprise values, 2) establishing and maintaining linkages between producers and sellers, and 3) controlling and winning internal conflicts, such as between management and unions. In turn, the media is dependent on a societys economic system for 1) profit from advertising revenue, 2) technological developments that reduce costs and make do effectively with other media outlets, and 3) expansion via access to banking and f inance services, as well as international trade.Media and Political SystemA societys media and political system are also hard interdependent.Political system rely on the media to 1) inculcate and reinforce political values and norm such as freedom, voting, or obedience to the law, 2) maintain baseball club and social integration, 3) organize and mobilize citizens to carry out essential activities like waging war, and 4) controlling and winning conflicts that develop within political domains (e. g. , Watergate). Conversely, the media rely on a countrys political system for judicial, executive, and legislative protection, formal and informal resources required to cover the news, and revenue that comes from political advertising and subsidies.Media and Secondary SystemsTo a lesser extent, media has established interdependencies with several other social systems. The family is dependent on media for inculcation and reinforcement of family values, recreation and leisure, coping with ev eryday problems of child rearing, marriage, and financial crises. On the other hand, the media is dependent on the family for consuming their media products. The same is true of media and spectral systems. Religious systems rely on media for inculcation and reinforcement of religious values, transmitting religious messages to the masses, and successfully competing with other religious or nonreligious philosophies.In turn, the media relies on the religious system to attain profits from religious organizations who purchase space or air time. The educational system in a society relies on media for value inculcation and reinforcement, waging successful conflicts or struggles for scarce resources, and knowledge transmission such as in educational media programming. Media depends on the educational system for access to expert information and being able to hire personnel trained in the educational system.Finally, the military system depends on the media for value inculcation and reinforce ment, waging and winning conflicts, and specific organizational goals such as recruitment and mobilization. The media, in turn, depends on the military for access to insider or expert information. The consequences of all of these interdependencies, again, are alterations in media products that audiences consume. In this way, the system-level interdependencies control media products, the range of possible social uses for media, the extent to which audiences depend on the media to fulfill needs, and ultimately media effects on audiences.Individual differences due to demographics or personality traits might change what people actually do with media messages or how they interpret media messages, but the messages always begin as the result of interdependent social systems.A comparison of use and gratification theory and media system dependency theoryBall-Rokeach summarized the major differences between uses and gratification (U&G)theory and media system dependency(MSD) theory.Conception of audience membersBoth U &G and MSD theorists view the audience member as active, but the basic conceptions of the audience member differ.U&G theorists focus on mental and sociodemographic origins of differences in media use. In this perspective, the variability of text interpretation suggests an audience member in charge of the text. MSD theorists focus on psychological, social, and sociological origins of differences in micro MSD relations as well as the macro MSD relations that constrain media text production and individuals MSD relations. The responsiveness of micro MSD relations to environmental conditions and the ecological constraints on media production and consumption are important features.In this perspective, the audience member is neither in charge of the text nor controlled by the text. The only way we can predict the effects is the audiences MSD relations in context of the ecology of macro relations.Conception of interpersonal networks and communicationU&G theorists emphasize the role of interpersonal communication in the distortion of media messages and of networks as interpretive communities. In this conception, interpersonal networks are regarded as a safety way against the cultural apparatus of the media and its partners.They believe that the interpersonal network contributes to individual agency, and the networked individual is empowered to manipulate media texts, not to be manipulated by them. The MSD conception is compatible with the U&G conception up to a point. Consistent with MSD conceptions of the individual member of the active media audience, the interpersonal networks play major roles in MSD theory. They link the individual to public and they link and influence the nature of the individuals relations with the media system.Conception of the Media system and of media powerU&G theorists in the psychological tradition think of the media system as creators of tentative texts subject to multiple reconstructions. In this perspective, th e media system is functional to the extent that it is useful or affords ways for individuals to disport needs. The MSD conception is closer to a macro functionalist version of U&G. MSD shares the macro functionalists view of the medias interdependence with other social and cultural system. In this view, the function of media is seen as a key structure for vertical and horizontal integration of society.The MSD viewpoints seem to be even closer to cultural studies traditions in that the central head ache for structural relations of control over information resources that generate the power to create social realities and to negotiate social conflict and social change.Methods of observation, analysis, and interpretationAlthough both U&G and MSD researchers ask similar questions of individuals, they do so for very different reasons. Those differences are reflected most clearly in (a) the logics of hypothesis formation (b) item and scale construction (c) modes of data analysis, and (d) interpretation of findings.The MSD researcher essentially wants to know the micro and macro determinants of stability and change in micro MSD relations to learn something about their cross-level consequences for individuals and their interpersonal networks-the dynamics of their inner worlds and how they live in their social worlds. The U&G theorist wants to learn something about the individuals attraction to media texts and the interaction between text and reader to better understand the contributions of reader characteristics to text processing.The differences between micro U&G and micro MSD are, thus, in their epistemological origins, assumptions, concepts, and missions. Criticismsedit Baran and Davis identify four primary criticisms of dependency theory 1) Variability in microlevel and macrolevel measurement makes between-study comparability problematic. 2) The theory is often difficult to empirically verify. 3) The meaning and power of dependency is sometimes unclear. 4) Depende ncy theory lacks power in explaining long-term effects.

My Reflection of Ethics

A great philosopher of Ethics is Aristotle. His theory was originally introduced in ancient Greek times. Aristotle was a great believer in virtues and the meaning of virtue to him meant being able to fulfill ones functions. Some base ethics on pure reason, while others ground ethics in feelings or intuitions. Aristotle says that those who do lead a virtuous lifetime are very(prenominal) happy and defecate sense of well-being. Happiness is the eventual(prenominal) goal for everyone in life. Utilitarians believe ethics becomes a matter of calculating how to produce the superlative balance of pleasure over suffering.To become a reform person, we must practice virtuous acts regularly. After a while, these acts will become a habit and so the virtuous acts part of our every day life and the person will be leading a virtuous life. For example, if a singer practices singing everyday, they will become better at it and used to doing it. pot who practice their virtues improve their skil ls and therefore becoming happier. When a person learns how to use the virtues, they become the characteristic of the person. For example, a person who has learned the virtue of generosity is oftentimes called a generous person because he or she is generous in all situations.Aristotle says we are most likely to acquire virtues by observing others in our society. If we experience other tidy sum being kind to us and see the happiness it creates we are more likely to practice this virtue then if we were except told to practice it. companionable contract theorists believe ethical principals are made, non found. They also believe ethics are constructed by social groups, and exists for the benefit of those groups. Social contract theory is an examination of the justice and fairness of political and social and ethical systems.An example of this would be that I would never accept a district that says, women should have less opportunity to become president, or that Afri drive out Ameri cans should have less chance of going to college or be restricted in the places they can live. I wouldnt accept such rules, because theres a chance that I might step out from behind the hide of ignorance and discover that I am an African-American woman. So I would favor setting up a society in which everyone has equal opportunity to fence for everything. Social contract theory forges an ethical system with no help from God or natural law or transcendent truths or powers of intuition.Egoism comes in two varieties. First is psychological egoism the view that-as a matter of empirical psychological fact-all our behavior is selfish, or self-interested. Second is ethical egoism, which is the very diametrical claim that we ought to always act in a way that is self-interested. If the claim is that everyone pursuing their own selfish interest will result in the greatest benefit for everyone, it is difficult to find whatever empirical grounds-biological, economic, or otherwise-for that uni versal egoistic article of faith. Ethical relativism is the thesis that what is right is relative to each culture.Virtues in one country or society may not be the same as virtues in another. As virtues have evolved through society it is practicable that good actions may be perceived as bad actions in another society. However the virtues stay the same in every community as well as the ultimate aim which is supreme happiness. Aristotle explains that all actions are done in order to reach an aim or goal. A series of actions are also leading towards an aim, for example getting up in to morning to go to work, leads to making money, leads to feeding our families, leads to going on holidays, etc.The utmost ultimate aim is to make people happy everything is subordinate to the supreme good, which is happiness. Relative morality is based on the theory that truth and rightness is incompatible for different people or cultures. Moral relativism states that morality is dependent on the society . It states that there are no moral absolutes and that there is no definite right or wrong. In some societies certain behavior is seen as morally right whereas in others the same behavior is not acceptable. To be a relativist is to accept this pattern and not to judge others for their behavior.Moral relativists accept that whether a moral code exists because of tradition or religion, it may be needed to keep the society unneurotic. Some people may argue that any moral code is better than no moral code however the absence of moral rules would be disastrous for any society, it would not survive. People need set rules or moral codes to live by in order to make the right decisions and to keep society together in the long run. Without a set moral code everyone would have the opinion that their ideas and thinking is right no one would be able to compromise.It would be much easier for everyone to be living under the same rules. This way people will know what is right and wrong without an y disagreements. Care ethics does not ignore or disparage reason, but it does emphasize the importance of empathy and affection, friendships and relationships elements of ethics (from the perspective of care ethics) Kantian systems woefully neglect. Care ethics also diverges significantly from the impersonal calculations of utilitarianism. Another distinctive feature of care ethics is on certain views, our duties tend to be impersonal.We have duties and obligations to others, of course, but they are duties due to anyone in the same position. On the care view, we may also have impersonal duties, but at least as important are duties of a very personal and individual nature duties we owe specifically to family and friends, are not to just any generic moral placeholder. These duties are owed not because we are reciprocating benefits we have received but because of our special relations. Furthermore, such duties are typically not based on choices or voluntary contracts.

Aspects of Project Management

This research paper will cover the antithetical aspects of project management in television set game development. Focus will also be on discussing and overviewing project lifecycles as it pertains to game development. There is also interest in seeing within the realm of tv game development how the application of knowledge, various skills, tools, and the techniques are used.The focus will also be on examining pre- production, production and post production in the gaming industry. Topics will also explore issues pertaining to but not limited stakeholder expectations, timeliness of implementation, optimization of resources, meeting the needs of businesss vision and mission regarding development, and exploring how the identification of and addressing any issues that may arise in game project development.IntroductionThe video game industry is an industry that has been steadily growing for over three decades. From Nintendo to Sony, games relieve oneself been made for the platform fo r over three decades. Many games have been made but the question is how these spectacular pieces of art are being made. The initial technical history of video games inevitably begins with the US militarys computer hardware and networks facilitating both game development and consumption.Nolan Bushnell is credited as the pioneer of the worldwide commercial video game industry. Bushnell was the founder of Atari and is responsible for generations of home and arcade gaming hardware and software including the truly influential game, Pong.(citation) Arcades games were very popular peaked in the previous(predicate) 1980s so most titles were converted to play on the evolving home technology home computers and consoles.(citation)Also during this time, many independent developers and publishers started to emerge. Activision, for example, was founded by former Atari developers desire greater ownership and control over their developments(citation)People recognize software games as new and ve ry popular mode of entertainment and an important application of technology.This has choke increasingly accepted by wad of all ages. In todays culture, technology is easily accessible and has become more convenient more and more people like to play games and are also becoming motivated to design their own games. (Game development software engineering process life cycle a systematic review) Also, software games are gaining importance because they are not only used for entertainment, but also for serious purposes that can be applicable to different domains such as education, business, and health care. (game development)The intricacy of modern video games requires workers with varied skill sets such as computer engineers and programmers, visual artists, audio engineers, animators, game designers, writers, and caliber assurance testers. Each project team also has a producer and studios have a range of upper managers and administrative personnel. (Understanding video game developers a s an occupational community)The creation of each video game is a project with well-defined pre-production, production, and post-production phases that require different resources Under the project- found model, the outputs of each new game are unique, the environment is complex and uncertain, and coordination among project members is rooted in diffuse and informal power relationships among those who direct the work and those who perform it.Buyers of video games publishers are essentially condense managers who offer IP development for tender to contractors. However, they purchase licences from IP owners such as book publishers and Hollywood studios. The decision to offer IP for tender is based on extensive research on global gaming and gaming trends (many games, characters and franchises are culturally specific).Consequently, inherent in the tender offer, is the output of this research that gives a raft of indicators to developers about the industry. (Shopping for Buyers of Produc t Development Expertise How Video Games Developers Stay Ahead)As a new entrant in the console market, it enables Microsoft to build relationships with suffice providers. Collaboration enhances capability for both platform owners and development studios. Collaborative relationships also deliver a timely product and improve quality (one feature of the collaborationism is ongoing testing of product versions) and prevent or limit feature creep (too many features being added).Microsoft seduced developers in the first instance by pass its development kits free of charge in exchange for development licences to complement its in-house effort. Risk management is very important from a project management promontory of view. Identifying risk factors in the game development process is also important.In game development, the project manager is the game producer and must bring together management, technical, and aesthetic aspects to create a successful game. Two risk factors identified during the development process failure of development strategy and absence of the fun factor.In game development, important risk factors can be the development strategy, the fun factor or extent of originality, scheduling, budgeting, and others, but very low priority has been assumption by game developers to formal analysis of risk factors. (Game development software engineering process life cycle a systematic review)Process organisation plays an important role in assessing game quality. Collection and evaluation of process data from the pre-production phase through to the post-production phase either provide evidence that the boilersuit development process produces a good-quality game as a final product or reveal that it cannot.

The Labor Orgnizations

I intend to explain in great gunpoint the major issues relative to the unionisation process, the actuate, which governs, and the independent agency, which polices it. I will also video display what organizations do to make it difficult to implement the process relative to unfair practices.The NLRA (National lug Relations Act) was enacted by Congress in 1935.It has the power to regulate interstate high fashion commerce and to govern the employer/employee negociate and union relationship on a national level. The NLRA was amended by the Labor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act in 1947 and the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure (Landrum-Griffen) Act in 1959. Most employers and employees involved in businesses that affect interstate commerce in any way are regulated by the act. The NLRA gives employees the right to determine for themselves whether they wish to be represented by a union. If the majority of the employees in an appropriate give upgaining whole indicate tha t they support a union a certification of representative is issued.Generally, this designation or showing of interest contains a statement that the employees want to be represented for collective bargaining proposes by a deviateicularized bray organization. The showing of interest must be signed by separately employee and each employees signature must be dated. These picks are conducted under laboratory conditions to ensure that the election represents the quit choice of the employees. Violation of the laboratory conditions, or of the 24-hour silent catamenia rules may result in the NLRB invalidating the election results. The twenty-four-hour silent period is intended to give the employees time to reflect upon their choice free from electioneering pressures.The NLRB (National Labor Relations Board) is an independent federal agency established to enforce the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). As an independent agency, they are not transgress of any other government agency such as the Department of Labor. Congress has empowered the NLRB to conduct secret-ballot elections so employees may exercise a free choice whether a union should represent them for bargaining purposes.A secret-ballot election will be conducted only when a petition requesting an election is filed. Although representation elections conducted by the NLRB are the most common means through which unions acquire representation rights, an employer may also voluntarily recognize a union as bargaining representative for a group of employees when the union demonstrates majority support. This can happen provided that the employer has no reasonable doubt of the employees preference and that recognition is not granted for the purpose of assisting one particular union at the expense of another seeking to represent the same employees.A bargaining unit is 4a group of two or more employees who share a community of interest and may reasonably be grouped together for collective bargaining purposes. T he NLRB is responsible for ensuring that any election in a representation case is conducted in an appropriate unit. A unit is usually described by the type of work done or jobs classification of employees for example, production and maintenance employees or truckdrivers. In some cases, the number of facilities to be included in a bargaining unit is at issue, and the number of locations to be involved may describe a unit. For example, in the retail industry, the NLRB may need to determine whether employees at a singlestore or whether a bargaining unit consisting of several stores is appropriate. Generally, the appropriateness of a bargaining unit is determined on the basis of the community of interest of the employees involved. Union or employees may file a petition for a decertification election. This petition, which can be filed by anyone seeking an election to determine whether the authority of a union to act as a bargaining representative of employees should continue. The signat ures of 30 percent or more of the employees in the bargaining unit represented must support it. These signatures may be on separate cards or on a single piece of paper.Generally, this showing of interest contains a statement that the employees do not wish to be represented for collective-bargaining purposes by the existing labor organization. Each employee must sign the showing of interest and each employees signature must be dated. When a petition is filed, the NLRB will determine whether the contract bar rule precludes holding an election. If it doesnt the NLRB must then determine an appropriate bargaining unit. The contract bar rule is a written labor contract, which bars an election during the life of the bargaining agreement.Unions may also acquire representation rights through unfair labor practice proceedings. The NLRB may issue a bargaining order when the effect of unfair labor practices by employers pr even verbotents a fair election from being held.The unionization proces s is not always welcome by employers and sometimes-illegal activity will go on to make it difficult to implement the process. Section 8 of the NLRA outlines specific behavior, which is unacceptable for employers.Cornell and Harvard Universities did research on employer coercion, harassment and firings, due to union campaigns, these findings were One in four employers fires thespians who are active in union campaigns-in all, its estimated that at to the lowest degree 10,000 workers are fired each year for exercising the freedom to join a union. Ninety-one percent of employers, when faced with employees who want to join together in a union force employees to attend closed-door meetings to hear anti-union propaganda. 80 percent require immediate supervisors to attend training sessions on how to attack unions and 79 percent have supervisors deliver anti-union messages to workers they oversee. Eighty percent hire outside consultants to run anti-union campaigns, often based on mass psyc hology and distorting the law. Half of employers imperil to shut down if employees join together in a union. Martin Jay Levitt, who had been among the fiercest hired guns brought in to fight organizing campaigns, said there were more than 7,000 attorneys and consultants who made their living busting unions.all(a) told, the union busting industry had grown more than a billion dollars a year. Levitt, who planned and ran more than 250 union-busting campaigns across the country before renouncing the profession, described in detail the manipulation, dirty-tricks, abuse of the law and disregard for lives that are all part of a corporate campaign against a union drive.Some corporate executives I encountered like to think of their anti-union consultants as generals. But really the consultants are terrorists. Like political terrorists, the consultants attacks are intensely personal, he wrote. Terrorists do not make factories and air strips their victims they shoot instead crippled old men and school children. Likewise, as the consultants go about the business of destroying unions, they invade peoples lives, demolish their friendships, crush their will and shatter their families.Levitts touchstone operating procedures not only included investigating police records, personnel files, medical records and the family lives of union proponents to find a way to discredit them, but in the absence of any good ammunition he would simply concoct something to do the job. To fell the sturdiest union supporters in the 1970s, I frequently launched rumors that the target worker was gay or was cheating on his wife, he wrote. It was a very effective technique, particularly in blue-collar towns.Sharon Fishers voice quivers when she talks about it. Ed Platt gets angry still. Ron Heller was shocked when the police looked the other way. Debbie Shallenburger says its un-American, what happened to the hard-working citizens of her community.Its been a year since UAW members recessed their 17 -month strike at Caterpillar plants in three states. But in and around eastern United States Peoria, Illinois, home of Caterpillars corporate offices, Local 974 members and spouses still talk about the lot of thugs who brought terror to their quiet communities. They would cruise up and down the streets of Peoria, East Peoria, and suburbs like Washington, Pekin, and Metamora, often parking in front of the homes of UAW members. They would videotape family members in front of their own homes, at restaurants and stores, while they were driving.They learned the names of children, and called to them by their counterbalance names. They even left a flashlight inside the locked car of one workers daughter, just to show that they had been there. It was all part of a huge intimidation campaign, and it got even rougher on the picket line where gang members assaulted women, provoked men to fight back, and used videotape to get workers fired. When they went to the local police for help, they w ere treated like criminals. after(prenominal)ward they learned that the state police were against them, too.Who are these goons who roamed the streets of working class neighborhoods, protected by the law while terrorizing decent, law-abiding people? Theyre employees of Vance Internationalthe same gang of thugs hired to clamp down on coal miners in West Virginia, schoolteachers in Cleveland, aerospace workers in St. Louis, and, today, newspaper workers in Detroit.When spying and provocation arent enough, Vances APT goons restore to violence like the assault that has left Detroit newspaper striker Vito Sciuto permanently scarred and still suffering violent seizures more than a year after brain surgery. Sciuto, a mailer, was smashed in the skull with a heavy piece of wood when 20 APT thugs formed a tight V-shaped wedge and marched out of a distribution center gate into a circle of peaceful pickets. The goal that night, a Vance employee told a reporter, was to hurt people. Detroit po lice watched the Vance riot, but no arrests were made.I feel once again that I have thoroughly covered the questions given. I put quite a bit of time into researching each part of the question. I was appalled at a lot of the information that I read, especially at Caterpillar and in Detroit. The examples I chose were the best out of many, which I had found. I really got into this essay and I hope you enjoy reading it as much as I did writing it. (Seriously)

Spending Time with Friends/Spending Time with Family

Can you imagine your life without your family or your friends? Well, whether you agree or disagree, human beings instinctively scarper to socialize with others. However, who would you spend more time with, is it your family or your friends? As we know we lowlifet live without either our families or our friends beca determination they represent a huge percentage of our lives. In this essay we will compare and contrast between spending time with family and spending time with friends in terms of attitude, places and discussions.No one can deny that attitudes differ between spending time with family and spending time with friends. When we spend time with our families we tend to be intimate, gentle and responsible. Even our behavior is hold and our acts are limited. For instance, when we go out with our family to a photographic film or to a dinner, we wont be able to act foolish and we will be restrained from doing provoke stuff as our actions will be judged by our family members.B ut when we hang out with our friends we feel less intimate, more crazy, and liberated , also our behavior becomes nappy and we act our ages or even younger . For example, with our friends we can tell funny jokes to each other, knowing that none of them will be insulted or degraded because friends tend not to take things seriously. So thats how our attitude differs. The places we hang out with family and friends are also different.The places where you head to with your family are calm, and not crowded, such as beaches, parks, family restaurants and family resorts. The places that we go to with our family to spend some quality time together. On the other hand the places where we go to with our friends are more crowded and full of life like movie theatres, shopping malls and night clubs. With friends we go to places that allow us to have fun and enjoy our time as much as possible. Thats how the places that we go with our family and friends are different.another(prenominal) difference is that the topics that you discuss with our family and the ones that we discuss with our friends are dissimilar. For instance, with your family you talk about what happened with you when you were in a particular place on a particular day. Also, you discuss more mature topics that benefit you like how to manage time, which university to apply for, how to invest your pocket money and open an account in the bank so that you can use it in emergencies, how to solve complicated problems and many other things that are beneficial for you.By contrast, with your friends you discuss topics that you have common interest in, such as fashion, movies, study, work, simple(a) problems and other things that may be immature and non beneficial for you. And thats how the discussions contrast among family and friends. Finally, our attitude differs from being with our families than being with our friends similarly with the places that we visit or the topics that we discuss. However, its the undisputabl e fact that we can never live without our families or our friends.

The Medical Elective Medical Training Health And Social Care Essay

The aesculapian exam electoral is an of aftermath portion of medical exam checkup preparation and c all in alling. It can anyways be an exciting take a chance to fill health heed forms of different states and inquiry countries of medical specialty that I encounter peculiar involvements in.My initial programs be to h octogenarian the take arrangement abroad, ideally in two separate locations. Language is an of import factor in taking the states as I would proclivity to be able to breathe on with the patients and physicians. Out of all the English speech production states, I commemorate it would be an interesting have intercourse to look at a slight developed state or a less developed parting within a developed state. The otherwise half of the elected I would take a developed state and comparison and contrast the two wellness systems.I urgency the tippy regards to be chiefly clinical based as I can use the accomplishments in general medical specialty and oth er forte I have learnt during the two darkened ages of clinical preparation. I would non wholly decline the chance to blend in some clinical based look into, but I am cognizant that look into undertakings may take some range to organize and may similarly necessitate excess resources input, such as permission from patients and aid from other staff, from the refrain hospital and establishments.In footings of safety during run low, although I have actled to assorted states, but I have neer surviveled or organised travel on my ain. Safety in footings of personal properties, solid food and drink and personal safety should be put into consideration. If possible, holding the arrangement with a friend would be ideal. As all the quaternate year King s medical pupils argon traveling on electives this summer, happening a spouse traveling to the like topographic points should be rather possible.Having save came back from vacation in America, the idea of traveling back for the elec tive to hold a on the transmission line discover over in the States appeared rather attractive. The US has a unfeignedly different wellness attention system comparison to the UK. To see their physicians, the patients over in America would necessitate to hold mysterious wellness indemnity which can be a in reality dearly-won payment. It would be interesting to see how the in private funded wellness system impacting patient experience compared to the NHS in the UK.America is a large state and this makes taking the location a spot more than(prenominal) hard. To acquire an thought about where usually make medical pupils travel for electives in America, I searched on the Elective Abstract System on virtual(prenominal) Campus. USA seems to be a really popular state for King s pupils to travel for electives as there is a immense list of hospital and establishment for all fortes. The popular finishs are the major capitals like New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco and etc. Majority of the infirmaries do non accept international pupils for elected straight, a few smaller clinics do, but the cost is really naughty and they seem to be really specialized. Feedbacks from pupils are also assorted, virtually are happy with their experience, but non everyone had a hands-on experience. Access to patients can be a rail line sometimes in some forte clinics, and most times are spent on detecting. Using to medical civilises can besides be hard as a batch of American medical pupil are besides feeling for elected arrangements and the disposal fee entirely can be $ 100 for the application entirely.After those look for and farther idea, I was somewhat put run into by the thought of traveling to the States. Alternatively of traveling entirely, it would be a better manner to go with a friend. Culadeeban ( Deeban ) Ratneswaran, another King s 4th medical pupil was looking for a spouse for electives and I have imprinted with him during my abdominal rotary motion in 3rd twelvemonth. Deeban was in the procedure of organizing a research undertaking about respiratory medical specialty in capital of capital of capital of Singapore which bear on some informations aggregation. He needed a spouse to work with on the undertaking and we decided to make the elected arrangements together.We came across a paper written by Dr Deborah Ng and her co-workers, titled consciousness of smoking hazards and attitudes towards in writing wellness warning labels on coffin nail battalions a cross-cultural canvass of two populations in Singapore and Scot region . We were believing about emulating this survey ourselves, looking into the cross-cultural differences between Singapore and London, alternatively of Scotland. We go away utilize a questionnaire attack to roll up the information as oppose to interviews because we want to roll up as much informations as possible while still working on the clinical side of the arrangement during the elected period.We besides email ed Dr Ng on farther advice about her survey and she kindly contacted the caput of respiratory section she was working under in Singapore, prof Sin Fai Lam. Professor Sin agreed to give us 4 hebdomads arrangement in Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in the respiratory section and at the homogeneous clip let us entree to patients for the research undertaking. In order of magnitude to transport out this undertaking we besides require moralss blessing and this demand to be applied by a qualified physician. We were told that Professor Sin s team is instead busy and unable to perpetrate their clip for the ethical blessing. We are still perpetrate for the clinical arrangement in Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, and at this phase we are testing alternate ways to acquire the ethical blessing, perchance from another section or another infirmary.For the second half of the elected, we did non desire to go excessively far out of the parts. This is partially to salvage cost and besides clip spent on travel. So we applied for a few posters in Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. Hospital Kuala Lumpur kindly accepted our applications for a 4 hebdomad long posting in the general medical specialty section. This would cover a orotund assortment of medical specialty, and it would be good to hold a broad scope of experience after a really specialized surgical arrangement. I can besides utilize this clip to acquire more experience in fortes that we scarce had limited exposure so far, for illustration, ENT, dermatology and ophthalmology. vocalise Count 1004Career SectionSelf-assessmentDuring my pre-clinical surveies in Cambridge, I had really limited exposure to existent clinical formula so I kept an unfastened head about which forte I would wish to prosecute for future trade. I exhaustively enjoyed larning anatomy in first twelvemonth of medical specialty, and peculiarly the clip spent in dissection lab. What appealed to me is that I would read about certain parts of the organic structure and the follo wing twenty-four hours I can hold the hands-on chance to recap the cognition to visualize it in existent life story.The clinical survey offered better chances in calling geographic expedition. Throughout the assorted rotary motions, I found mathematical operation fascinating and I m ever enthusiastic to go to theatre Sessionss. Although, as a medical pupil, most of the clip spent in theater is to detect the operations but I was more than lament to scour in to help oneself when asked. I besides enjoyed the type of squad work in surgery where each person has a clearly defined and alone get going in the operating theater.Career research geographic expedition and treatmentsThe Medical Specialty facts of life web site ( 1 ) is a good starting point for callings research as it provides information on all fortes within medical specialty. After medical school, every physician has to travel through two foundation old ages and use for forte preparations, these can be medical, surgical, p sychopathology and list of run through fortes. For the surgical fortes, there are two Core Surgical Training old ages to be completed initiatory. Then there is another application procedure for the 3rd twelvemonth ( CT3 ) , which is for a sub-specialty, for illustration, cardiothoracic surgery. The competition information shows that surgery is a extremely popular pick, though the competition for other fortes can be every bit ferocious.I have besides attended the Specialty honest hosted by Royal College of Medicine. It was aimed for both medical pupils and foundation twelvemonth physicians and it had a whole scope of fortes on show. Having talked to a figure of the physicians from assorted fortes, orthopedic surgery peculiarly stood out for me. It is a surgical forte concerned with castanetss, marijuana cigarettes and their motion. It covers both hurt and other diseases, for illustration, congenital and degenerative. I think it can be an highly rewarding calling where I can set pat ients back after terrible injury or reconstruct independency by alleviating creaky articulation hurting, both can genuinely transform the patient s life. prognosticate 1. Orthopedic surgery. From www.sussexotc.nhs.ukHaving non done the rotary motion for orthopedic surgery and injury, I cherished some early gustatory sensation for the forte and the 2011 National Undergraduate Trauma Conference provided the perfect juncture. The conference gave great penetration into the calling options on hand(predicate) in injury and orthopedic surgery. The workshops lead by experient physicians in the product line besides allowed the pupil to pattern some of the skilled involved, for illustration, laparoscopy.Using your elected to research your optionsI think the elected period will be an first-class clip to research my country of involvement and callings option. For the first half of my elected in Singapore, I will be passing four hebdomads in the orthopedic section in a really modern infirmary . There are five advisers in the section, all of which are trained in the UK so they will hold a reasonably good distrust of the degree of preparation I m right off at and what would profit me the most during this poster. By this phase I would hold done my orthopedic surgery fond regard, and extra exposure in this field will reinforcement and hopefully farther develop the cognition and accomplishment I already have. I should besides do the most out of this chance to acquire every bit much practical experience as possible in larning the basic surgical techniques and direction of the common instances encountered in orthopedicss.For the 2nd half the elected in Kuala Lumpur, although I m authorisedly posted under general medical specialty, in world the infirmary is really pliant for the elected pupils. The adviser who is oversing me during the poster has no job with elected pupils doing usage of the clip in Hospital Kuala Lumpur to acquire a broad scope of experience.Personal manif estation on calling thoughts/decisions to twenty-four hours of the monthThe big calling pick medical specialty offers makes the determination really hard, particularly most fortes requires drawn-out preparation. In order to do a steadfast determination on which way to take, criminal maintenanceful research needs to be done to do certain that I am clear in my ends, altering calling way in medical specialty and re-start preparation can be really boring. I think at this phase of developing it is really hard to hold a clear image of what I want to make. While larning about the different subjects in medical specialty can be rather different when work on them. Although it does give some penetration about what it is like to work in that field.To this day of the month, I am really inclined towards surgery for my future calling. Bing able to straight see the job, keeping the breakage or experiencing the obstruction so repairing the job utilizing your custodies is really hearty. It requires drawn-out preparation and new accomplishments are invariably acquired even after making. I ever find it exciting to scrubbing-up, operating, or largely as a medical pupil, helping in theater. There is a huge array of subspecialties on offer, from urogenital medicine to p exsertic surgery. Some factors will be common to all fortes, but each will hold their ain set of challenges and demands.Orthopedic surgery is the most appealing subspecialties in surgery, it can be really physical but there are many specialist tools available to cut down the demand for inordinate force. The on-call agenda is comparatively demanding as accidents can go on any clip of the twenty-four hours. In contrast with ENT surgery where more of the surgeries are elected with really small nip work so the working hours can be rather flexible.Through the class, I am going away more informed about the different calling options and have got a better thought of what kind of calling I want, though non confident plenty to do a concluding determination. At the same clip I should non go narrow minded and ignore the other countries of medical specialty, because I may yet detect other new involvements. intelligence information Count 1018Global Health SectionGlobal wellness is a subject in medical specialty derived from public wellness and international wellness. It has been defined as an country for survey, research and pattern that places a precedence on bettering wellness and accomplishing uprightness in wellness for all people worldwide ( 2 ) . It is a field joins the medical and societal scientific discipline subjects, including human ecology, economic sciences, epidemiology and many others. It uses wellness informations such as life anticipation and infant mortality rate to mensurate the wellness jobs present in an country. It besides emphasises on wellness issues such as HIV/AIDS and malaria that can hold a wandering frugal and political impact.What is equity in wellness?Health equity amon g states and within a state or community is a major issue in planetary wellness. The publicity of societal and economic equity and decrease of wellness disparities has been a fundamental subject in domestic public wellness, international wellness, and planetary wellness ( 2 ) . candor of wellness can be confused with equality of wellness. Health equity focuses on the distribution of resources and other procedures that drive a peculiar sort of inequality between more and less advantaged groups, in other words, wellness inequality that is unjust or unfair ( 3 ) . non all wellness disparities are unjust ( 4 ) , for illustration, we would anticipate immature grownups are healthier than the aged and work forces have prostate jobs whereas adult females do nt. However, if the difference arises from immunization degree or nutritionary position, so it would do concern from an equity position ( 3 ) . More late, Braveman and Gruskin defined wellness equity as absence of systematic dispariti es in wellness between different societal groups. Unfairnesss in wellness consistently put groups of people who are already socially disadvantaged ( for illustration, by virtuousness of being hapless, female, and/or members of a disfranchised racial ethnic or spiritual group ) at farther disadvantage with regard to their wellness wellness is indispensable to wellbeing and to get the better ofing other effects of societal disadvantage. ( 3 )Financing of wellness attentionFinancing of wellness attention is a major factor in equity of wellness attention, it is the activity of raising or roll uping gross to pay for the operation of a wellness attention system ( 5 ) . The conventional classs for fiscal beginnings are revenue sweetener, societal wellness insurance, private wellness insurance and out-of-pocket payments. Depending on the wellness attention system there are many fluctuations in the funding beginnings, for illustration, societal wellness attention insurance can be implement ed on a national degree or a community degree and it can either be compulsory or voluntary ( 6 ) . Equity in wellness attention funding is assessed by the grade of inequality in paying for wellness attention between families of unequal Ability To behave ( ATP ) ( 7 ) . Policy shapers in assorted states seem to be building wellness attention financing harmonizing to ATP. The Ministry of Health ( MOH ) in Malaysia subscribes to this scheme by suggesting that the state s part to the new national wellness financing strategy to be related to ATP ( 8 ) .Malayan wellness attention systemThe cardinal rule of the Malaysian wellness attention system is that the handiness to wellness attention is non to be related to ATP, peculiarly in the event of illness ( 9 ) . The Malayan wellness attention system has seen great betterment over the other(prenominal) old ages. During the period of 1990 to 2005, life anticipation at birth increase significantly males from 69.0 to 71.8 old ages and females from 73.5 to 76.2 old ages infant mortality rate fallen from 13.5 to 5.1 per 1000 ( 8 ) . Malaysia was ranked at 49 from 191 WHO member states ( 10 ) , which assessed the general wellness public presentation against the three aims of good wellness, reactivity and just fiscal part. Malaysia s public presentation at just fiscal part is comparatively low ( 122-123 out of 191 WHO member states ) compared to the other two aims ( 10 ) .In Malaysia, the populace and private wellness services co-exist. The authorities provides public wellness services through public infirmaries and wellness clinics. Private wellness attention complement the medical services provided by the authorities and its outgrowth is driven by demand.The wellness system overall is preponderantly revenue enhancement financed. The national outgo showed that authorities subsidises 58.2 % of the support in public sector whilst the balance of 41.8 % is financed by the private sector in 2003 ( 11 ) . The support are from f ive chief beginnings direct revenue enhancements, indirect revenue enhancements, Employee Provident Fund ( EPF ) and tender Security Organisation ( SOCSO ) parts, private insurance premiums and out-of-pocket payments ( 6 ) . Those financess are transferred straight or indirectly to either public or private installations. come in 2. Households Financial Contributions to Health Care System in Malaysia. From ( 6 ) . many an(prenominal) parametric quantities and techniques are available in the appraisal of equity of funding in a peculiar wellness attention system. Progressivity measures the divergence from proportionality in the relationship between wellness payment and ATP ( 12 ) . A progressive system means that the persons or families with greater ATP are paying more proportionately in funding wellness attention. The Kakwani s progressiveness index ( 13 ) is a widely used tool in public finance to measure equity. The value ranges from -2 in the most regressive system to +1 in the m ost progressive system, 0 agencies that the system is relative and wellness payments account for the same proportion of income, irrespective of the person s income ( 14 ) . A research carried out by Yu et Al ( 6 ) employed information from Household Expenditure Survey ( HES ) Malaysia 1998/99 indicated that the five finance beginnings in Malaysia have produced a imperfect system which is regarded as just. Malaysia s Kakwani s progressiveness index mark compares really favorably to other revenue enhancement financed wellness attention systems in both development and developed states ( 6 ) . This determination contradicts the WHO World Health Report 2000, in which an older informations beginning from eighties was used compared to the 1998/99 figures used in the new study. The two different findings besides indicate betterment in the equity of fiscal part in the wellness attention system during this clip.Although the finance of wellness attention can be regarded as just in Malaysia, th ere are other unfairnesss. Many among the hapless fail to seek wellness service due to go and chance costs. The private travel costs incurred to seek intervention have been high and besides increased at a higher rate compared to household income ( 15 ) . The hapless besides live farther from medical installations and have to pass more to go compared to the rich ( 15 ) .From the instance of Malaysia we can see that achieve equity in wellness attention can be really hard. The state has a really just manner to finance the wellness attention system but jobs remains in the distribution of service. Besides the turning proportion of private finance beginnings will do an escape of skill medical forces from the populace sector which will make farther entree unfairnesss.Word count 1104Final Aims and AimsExperience wellness attention systems in different states. The two states that I m sing will hold rather different systems to each other and the UK. It would be interesting to see what can be learnt from each and what can we make to better our ain wellness system.Practice the clinical accomplishments acquired in the past two old ages and hopefully get some new accomplishments that can be used in the hereafter. This can be a good clip to retouch on all the clinical accomplishments which will be needed during fond regards in the 5th twelvemonth and foundation occupations.Use this chance to research calling options. More exposure in orthopedic surgery will hopefully beef up my aspiration towards surgical callings. Use the clip in Kuala Lumpur to acquire more exposure to fortes that I have nt had much exposure, for illustration, ENT and dermatology.To carry on the research undertaking, this is still pending on ethical blessing. This is an chance to pattern how to transport out clinical researches, which is a utile accomplishment to hold regardless of the forte I will be come ining. If the research is clear and everything else goes good, it can be a good opportunity to hold some work published early in the calling.Word count 207History of Elective PlansSingaporeSince my elective is split into two halves, I shall speak about each individually. My first finish is Singapore. Officially cognise as the Republic of Singapore, it is a metropolis country and besides an island state. Situated off the southern tip of the Malay peninsula, separated from Malaya by the Strait of Johor. It is the universe s 4th taking finance affectionateness and the 3rd busiest port.Figure 3. Singapore skyline at dark from www.panorami.comWith a population of merely over 5 million and being one of the smallest states in the universe, its population denseness is the 3rd highest in the universe. Merely 2.9 million of its population are born locally, 43 % ( 16 ) . Singapore is a multicultural state, the 2010 nuzzle count ( 17 ) indicates that bulk of population being cultural Chinese ( 74.1 % ) , with 13.4 % Malays, 9.2 % Indians. There are four official linguistic communications in Singapore English, Mandarin, Tamil and Malay. English is the on the job linguistic communication and all physicians are trained in English. The largest faith is Buddhism ( 44.2 % ) , Christianity and Islam are the other chief faiths with 18.3 % and 14.7 % severally ( 17 ) .Figure 4. The Merlion, a symbol of Singapore. This fabulous animal is a capturing loanblend of a king of beasts and a fish. From www.travelerfolio.comSingapore has a cosmopolitan health care system where the authorities ensures affordability. Most care outgo ( 68.1 % ) ( 18 ) is provided by the private sector, and the remainder is from the authorities. Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation ( 18 ) , Singapore has the lowest infant mortality rate ( 3 in 1000 ) and it besides has one of the highest life anticipations at birth ( 80 old ages ) . Singapore has one of the most successful health care systems in the universe, in footings of both efficiency in funding and the consequences achieved in community wellness results ( 19 ) . The system uses a combination of mandatory nest eggs from salary tax write-offs, founded by the workers and employers, a means-tested authorities subsidies for those in fiscal adversity and a national insurance strategy to cover major and drawn-out unwellnesss ( 19 ) . Although really successful, this peculiar health care system is hard to retroflex in other states , chiefly because the comparatively little population of 5 million on a concentrated piece of land, so the planning of the health care substructure is much easier comparing to larger states ( 19 ) .There are 13 private infirmaries, 10 authorities founded infirmaries and a figure of other specializer clinics. Khoo Teck Puat Hospital ( KTPH ) is the newest public infirmary in Singapore, built to function the health care needs of more than 650,000 peopleA who live and work in the North of the city.A The infirmary was officially opened in November 2010, the entire cost of development was $ 674m ( 20 ) , $ 125m of which was donated by the late Khoo Teck Puat s household, who was wealthiest adult male in Singapore. KTPH is a ground general infirmary consists of 19 wards with 550 beds, with a six-storey Specialist Outpatient Clinic block, and an eight-storey edifice lodging the private wards and a 10-storey subsidized tower ( 20 ) . KTPH is besides actively involved in medical instruction and supply clinical instruction to medical pupils from Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine at the National University of Singapore ( 20 ) .Figure 5. Khoo Teck Puat Hospital. From www.flickr.comKuala Lumpur, MalaysiaMalaysia is situated in South East Asia, separated into two parts by the South China Sea into Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo, besides known as West and East Malaysia severally. The Peninsular Malaysia was known as Malaya, gained independency from Britain in 1975, so united with Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore to organize Malaysia in 1963. However in 1965, Singapore withdrew fro m the federation and formed an independent state.The entire population of Malaysia is merely over 28 million ( 21 ) , Malays and other Bumiputera groups make up 65 % of the population, Chinese 26 % , Indians 7.1 % and other cultural groups 1 % ( 22 ) . The distribution of population across the state is instead uneven with approximately 80 % life in Peninsular Malaysia ( 21 ) .There are 137 living linguistic communications spoken in Malaysia ( 23 ) . Bahasa Malaysia, a standardised from of Malay is the official linguistic communication. English was the official administrative linguistic communication before Malaysia s independency and remained to be widely used, particularly in service industries and other work topographic points. So communicating should non be an issue during the elected. Islam is the largest and the official faith with 60.4 % of the population, Buddhism and Christianity are the other chief faiths with 19.2 % and 9.1 % followerss severally.Figure 6. Map of Malaysia. From www.cia.govKuala Lumpur is the capital and the largest metropolis in the state with a population of 8 million in the metropolitan country ( 24 ) . The name literally means boggy estuary in Malay It has developed from a hovel town lodging mineworkers from the nearby Sn mine in mid nineteenth century to be rule by the tallest skyscrapers in Southeast Asia and flower with the returns of international trade and commercialism. Kuala Lumpur is a really diverse metropolis in footings of human ecology, faith and civilization with diachronic temples and mosques sitting aboard futuristic towers. This diverseness attracts tourers from all over the universe, and I am certain I will hold plentifulness to make and see in my free clip.Figure 7. Kuala Lumpur at dawn with Petronas Towers ruling the skyline. From kualalumpurhotels.travelHospital Kuala Lumpur is the largest infirmary in Malaysia and one of the largest in Asia. It is situated on 150 estates of land with 83 wards and 2302 beds . It employs a immense staff of 7000 workers, including 200 advisers and specializers with 500 registrars and house officers ( 25 ) . The infirmary is situated at the Centre of the metropolis, and was built in 1870 and consisted of merely 3 wards. Since so, it has been invariably upgraded and in 1997 it has completed upgrading its Institute of Radiotherapy, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine ( 25 ) . HKL besides plays an of import function in developing wellness professionals. As it is the chief instruction infirmary for medical pupils from the National University of Malaysia the staff will be more than capable to supply a worthwhile acquisition experience and hence it is a really popular pick among elected pupils. Many fifth pupils spent their electives in HKL exhaustively enjoyed their posters. As it is a immense infirmary there are so many different sections I can see and most physicians are more than happy for you to fall in their squad for a twenty-four hours regardless the section you are posted under.Figure 8. The Thean Hou Temple is one of the largest Chinese Buddhist temples in Kuala Lumpur. Officially opened in 1989, it is dedicated to Tian Hou ( The Heavenly Mother ) . From www.flickr.comWord count 1092Personal Safety, Health and WellbeingFor personal safety issues about the states I am about to see for the electives, I foremost checked the Foreign and Commonwealth Office web site for some general advice. For Singapore, there is an underlying menace from terrorist act. Attacks could be indiscriminate, including in topographic points frequented by exiles and foreign travelers ( 26 ) .This means there is a low degree of known terrorist activity. So from terrorist act concern point of position, Singapore is possibly safer than the UK. FCO besides states that violent offense is rare, but travelers should be cognizant of street offense such as bag-snatching. This sort of activity occurs more often in tourer country such as airdromes, I think I should exert same sort of cautiousness as I would in all big metropoliss.The FCO peculiarly highlighted that the offenses of indignation of modestness ( molestation ) can ensue in a all right, gaol or bodily penalty ( the Calamus rotang lash ) . Travelers are advised to avoid any action that could be interpreted as molestation. Scams affecting false claims of molest are thought to be ( 26 ) . This should non be a major concern as most people would exert common sense non to do any offense, though this does alarm traveler to the state that certain misbehaviors that would be dealt laxly in the UK can take to really serious penalty in Singapore.The menace of terrorist act is somewhat more serious in Malaysia, FCO listed it as a state with general menace of terrorist act and some degree of known terrorist activity ( 26 ) .The FCO besides warned against travel to the east Sabah part of the state as there are indicants that both condemnable and terrorist groups are be aftering violent Acts of the Apostless against foreign tourers ( 26 ) in that country. The last incidence affecting foreign subjects was in 2003 and there are no other reported incidences since. East Sabah is in east Malaysia, far from the capital metropolis Kuala Lumpur, and I have no programs to go to that portion of the state.In footings of insurance during elected period and other travels that may follow, I have ever purchased travel insurance to cover my flights to and from place during the holiday period. I have been with Insure & A Go for a figure of old ages, it s a really dependable company and their one-year multi-trip policy is really comprehensive. The insurance bundle costs ?70 per twelvemonth, which includes cancellation, personal properties, luggage, paperss and whole scope of other screens. One of import screen I should foreground is the medical screen. As if for any ground I fall ill during the elected or the period spent going after the elected, I would be cover for the local wellness se rvice if it s needed. The wellness attention systems in Singapore is mostly in private founded so the cost it would be rather expensive, and the National University of Singapore requires all incoming elected pupils to hold medical insurance during the elected period. I have besides checked with the insurance company that the medical elective is covered as portion of the travel insurance as it can be a gray country between vacation travel and working travel. They have confirmed that the elective is covered by this policy.Professional insurance or malpractice insurance is besides required by the arrangement in Singapore. I have joined the Medical Protection Society since first twelvemonth of medical school but I have neer required their service. If I keep on following the counsel as I have been in the UK during the clinical surveies, professional insurance should non be of concern. I understand the medical pattern in different wellness systems and different civilization can change, patients outlook and apprehension of the function of medical pupil can besides be rather different. While working with patients, whether on ward or clinic, I should explicate my function and do certain the patients understand who I am and what I m making. At any point, if I am diffident about the ethical deductions of a certain pattern, for illustration, inquiring for consent from patient for scrutiny, I should confer with a senior member of the squad and inquire for advice for the recognized criterion of pattern in that peculiar infirmary.Dengue febrility is known to happen in both Singapore and Malaysia ( 27 ) . There is no available inoculation or medical specialty to forestall this disease. The best step is to avoid mosquito bites by utilizing anti-mosquito sprays and picks. There is besides a hazard of malaria in Malaysia ( 27 ) , once more anti-mosquito go should be used. In add-on, chemoprophylaxis should be used in concurrence. Chloroquine opposition is present in peninsul ar Malaysia, I shall take proguanil along with chloroquine. These drugs are available from most pharmaceuticss.Another major wellness concern for pupils traveling abroad for elected arrangement is the hazard of HIV exposure. The preponderance of HIV in Singapore and Malaysia are both really low. The latest figure shows that the prevalence of HIV in Malaysia is approximately 0.5 % and 0.15 % in Singapore, comparing to 0.35 % in the UK ( 28 ) . For the orthopedic surgery fond regard in Singapore, I will likely be in contact with blood while detecting or helping in theaters. Since the prevalence of HIV in Singapore is lower than this state, the hazard of exposure is really little. The fond regard in Kuala Lumpur would be based in the general medical specialty section, so the opportunities of contact with blood is minimum along with the low prevalence of HIV, the hazard of HIV exposure is once more really low. Hence, I m non sing taking a post-exposure prophylaxis kit with me during the elected fond regard.One unwellness which I m likely to endure from is traveler s diarrhea. From experience, during about every abroad trip, I would hold traveler s diarrhea at some phase. This is likely because I frequently like to seek the local nutrient and drinks and non afraid of eating unfamiliar things. To understate the hazard of holding diarrhea, of any kind, I should avoid feeding and imbibing in less reputable constitutions. As a safeguard I would besides take some loperamide tablets and anti-emetics in instance of diarrhea or more serious nutrient toxic condition.Word count 998

Tree of Knowledge

The Tree of association It is significant for inn to find a reliable source of companionship, as it is a powerful factor which helps family to attain success. As a good example of the significance of cognition for familiarity, the Tree of Knowledge from the Garden of Eden represents, not retributory a source of absolute knowledge, but how desperately mankind nature seeks that perfect source. However, the Tree of Knowledge does not exist in the real serviceman.Thus, parliamentary procedure is facing a problem of finding the yet ab f wholly out effective expression to produce accurate knowledge because mistaken knowledge has no value. In his act The Hive, historian and writer Marshall Poe points out two sources for knowledge social consensus and experts. In the past, it was hard to win knowledge efficiently due to equivocation, and experts were considered to be the most reliable source of knowledge. But today, the Internet has provided society with the convenient environ ment for finding and storing education.In his essay, Poe discusses the phenomenon of the web-site Wikipedia as an example of a successful effort in collaborative knowledge, which is produced during the emergence of conference and negotiation by society and experts concerning the information regarding an object of study. A professor at Harvard University and author of Reporting continue from Tomorrow, Daniel Gilbert suggests verifying on the experiences of others, whom he calls surrogates, in order to obtain to a greater extent(prenominal) reliable knowledge. Collaborative knowledge is based on societys collective experiences.It is meant to accumulate and continuously modify information from society. On the other hand, experts atomic number 18 a key for progress in society as they perform deeper re lookup rough a subject. Therefore, in order to produce reliable knowledge, society must consult with experts, musical composition experts should consider the experiences of oth er good deal when conducting their research. It might seem at the set-back sight that the only reliable source of knowledge be experts, as they micturate more than bright and prolonged experiences through practice and education in a particular field.Therefore, it is a common teaching that in order to obtain true knowledge, society has to rely on the competence of experts. In his essay, Poe says that star of the criticisms of Wikipedia in its early stage was the point that unless experts were writing and vetting the material, the articles were inevitably going to be inaccurate (Poe 275). However, human history provides evidence that refutes this statement by proving that what once was considered as absolute knowledge was later questioned.For example, in the 18th century, Isaac Newtons laws of motion became a revolution in a scientific world and for the next 200 years they remained incontestable until Albert Einstein introduced his ideas that revealed shortcomings of Newtons theory. Thus, society cannot blindly rely on the conclusions of experts because, at their core, they are like all other people who pass along their imprints in an effort to create people whose judgements think like theirs (Gilbert 171).According to Gilbert, almost any time we tell anyone anything, we are attempting to change the way their brains operate attempting to change the way they see the world so that their view of it more closely resembles our own (Gilbert 171). Experts attempt to do same thing, but their reputation in society gives their ideas an proceeds to be successfully transmitted and received as knowledge. Still, accuracy of this knowledge might be self-styled in the future. In order to understand how society decides if a certain idea or belief can become knowledge, it is important to look at the process of producing knowledge.Individuals generate personal beliefs from their own views. However, these views are based on already existing socio-cultural knowledge. Afterwards, using shared language, individuals bring their ideas and beliefs to society by fashioning public statements. Further, these beliefs may become knowledge through social interaction, communication, discussion, clarification, and negotiation. According to Gilbert, any belief that increases communication has a good chance of being transmitted over and over again (Gilbert 173). Therefore, social interaction is a medium that allows ideas to become a part of collaborative knowledge.However, in his essay, Gilbert points out that while accurate beliefs give society power, which makes it easier to understand why they are so readily transmitted from one mind to another, false beliefs have a great chance to be dustd if they happen to promote stable societies because people who hold these beliefs tend to live in stable societies, which provide the means by which false beliefs propagate (Gilbert 173). Thus, even false ideas may become knowledge if society decides so. Such decisio ns might lead to unlogical conclusions that have no value for society.According to Poe, the community decides that two summing up two equals four the same way it decides what apple is by consensus but if the community changes its mind and decides that two plus two equals five, then two plus two does equal five (Poe 275). In other words, society has an ability to make judgments of truth and falsehood, and knowledge produced by social consensus can be misleading and inaccurate. Nevertheless, inaccurate knowledge, sooner or later, go forth be revealed and questioned by society because the primary purpose of knowledge is to serve the need of society and help it to meliorate and grow.Individuals, as well as the whole society, can only attain success and progress if they have a reliable source of knowledge. It is a strong incentive that makes people search for truth. In his essay, Poe points out that people who contribute into Wikipedia have no interest other then truth in doing all this work (Poe 277). Today, the vast interconnectedness of the Internet makes it mathematical for individuals from all over the world to share their experiences and ideas on the global level.Thereby, collaborative knowledge can be constantly negotiated, updated, and renegotiated, and its quality may improve just like the quality on articles in Wikipedia generally increases with the number of eyeballs (Poe 276). As the process of producing collaborative knowledge improves its reliability, efficiency, and fertility with the new era of Internet technologies, it creates a very valuable database for experts, who can use collaborative knowledge as a resource of information and experiences collected by society for expertise.According to Gilbert, humanity is a financial support library of information about what it feels like to do just about anything (Gilbert 171). Every individual possesses a great deal of unique accumulative knowledge that he or she gained throughout life. That is why experiences of other individuals should be taken into account by experts in order to produce more accurate and documentary knowledge. Today, in the Internet environment, it has become much easier to find surrogates with particular experiences.Experts should consider these experiences during their research and constantly update their data and information based on collaborative knowledge. On the other hand, the fact that the Internet has gained so much popularity in society might make people neglect the role of experts in the process of producing knowledge. Since it has become relatively easy to find surrogates in the virtual environment and ask them directly about their experiences, collaborative knowledge might be sufficient enough to fulfill societys needs as a dependable source of knowledge. In his essay, Poe points out that given the right technology, large groups of self-interested individuals will unite to create something they could not produce by themselves (Poe 267). Wikip edia is a good example of this phenomenon. Instead of relying on experts to write articles according to their expertise, Wikipedia lets anyone write about anything (Poe 264). Based on a large number of individuals who are constantly working on improving articles and peoples tendencies to strive for truth, Wikipedia could become the end of the search for a reliable source of knowledge. However, it is important not to underestimate the role of experts in society.In his essay, Gilbert observe that, if you ask a small fry what to do when an individual is hesitating about making some decision, the child will say that he or she should ask the teacher (Gilbert 170). Throughout all human history, experts were called in for advice on their respective subject because of their extensive knowledge or ability based on research, experience, or business organisation in a particular area of study. Their knowledge and experiences are already unique, simply because experts spend more time studying the subject than an average person. It explains the fact that most innovations in human society were make by experts.Moreover, by collecting and systematizing experiences of other individuals, experts serve as surrogates for society as well. Overtime, results of their research projects accepted as knowledge become a part of social consensus. Thereby, expertise is still very important and must be taken into consideration by society as a source of knowledge. In order to be completely reliable, knowledge requires absolute certainty, as opposite to belief or cerebration about which there is more doubt. However, as a process of social communication, knowledge is never absolute.Although its quality is to be taken as final truth, knowledge remains as a subject of possible future questioning, reinterpretation, and negotiation. The Tree of Knowledge, as a source of true knowledge, is an unattainable aim for society. Neither expertise nor collaborative knowledge alone can be considered as the best way to produce knowledge. only when their collaboration can bring the most reliable results. Today, the Internet helps to speed up the processes of communication, storage, and negotiation of information that play a significant role in producing collaborative knowledge and positively affecting its quality.Thus, referring to societys collaborative experience, experts can produce more objective and reliable knowledge. Works Cited Gilbert, Daniel. Reporting Live from Tomorrow. Emerging Contemporary Readings for Writers. Ed. Barclay Barrios. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. 169-189. Print. Poe, Marshall. The Hive. Emerging Contemporary Readings for Writers. Ed. Barclay Barrios. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. 264-277. Print.